New York began in 1799, finished July 4, 1827.
New Jersey began in 1804, but had 18 in 1860.
By the Missouri compromise, 1820, slavery ceased "in all that territory ceded by France to the United States, under the name of Louisiana, which lies north of 36 degrees and 30 minutes north latitude," [Footnote: Thomas amendment to act for admitting Missouri.] except Missouri. This part of the act was, in the Dred Scott case, declared by the supreme court to be invalid, still a provision forbidding slavery found its way into the constitution of each of the states afterward seeking admission.
By the emancipation proclamation, Jan. 1, 1863, the slaves of those in arms against the United States were declared free.
The thirteenth amendment, adopted 1865, abolished slavery in all parts of the United States.
HOW VOTING IS DONE IN LEGISLATIVE BODIES. [Footnote: See also Among the
Lawmakers, pp. 168-70.]
Acclamation.—The most common way of voting on ordinary questions is by acclamation; that is, when a question is put those in favor of it say "aye," and then those opposed say "no." In this case, a majority of those voting prevails. This is sometimes called voting viva voce.
Division.—If the presiding officer is uncertain as to which side is in the majority, he may call for a division, or this may be demanded by any member. Then those voting in the affirmative stand and are counted, after which those voting in the negative do similarly.
Yea and Nay.—On important questions in congress, or on any question by demand of one-fifth of the members, the vote is by "yeas and nays" that is, the roll is called, and each member responds "yea" or "nay." In some states, including Minnesota, all bills must be voted on in this way, and must receive a majority of the total membership in order to pass.
HOW LAWS ARE MADE. [Footnote: The Minnesota process, given as a type.]