[1] This is the number usually established as a quorum for a deliberative body. Certainly no smaller number should have a right to transact business, for that would give too much power to an active minority. And to require more than a majority, would make it possible for a minority to prevent legislation.
[3] Under the rules no member has a right to be absent from a session unless excused or sick. Unexcused absentees, unless sick, may be arrested and brought to the capitol by the sergeant-at-arms or a special messenger.
When fewer than fifteen members are present, they usually adjourn.
Clause 2.—Discipline.
Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings,[1] punish its members for disorderly behavior, and with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member.[2]
[1] The rules are intended to facilitate business, by preventing confusion and unnecessary delay. They are designed also to check undue haste.
The rules of each house are based upon the English parliamentary practice, as are the rules of all legislative or deliberative bodies wherever the English language is spoken. (See "Manuals" of Senate and House.)
[2] It seems unlikely that even in times of great excitement two-thirds of either house would favor expulsion unless it were deserved. This is also, it will be observed, the number necessary to convict in case of impeachment.
Clause 3.—Publicity.
Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and, from time to time, publish the same,[1] excepting such parts as may, in their judgment, require secrecy;[2] and the yeas and nays[3] of the members of either house, shall at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal.[4]