This consists of a glass phial, jar, or bottle, coated on the outside and inside with tin-foil, rendered adhesive by paste or gum water. About two inches of the glass at the top are left without any metallic covering, to prevent a communication between the outside and inside coatings, while the electricity is collecting.—The mouth of the phial or jar is furnished with a cork which receives a wire, ending in several ramifications which touch the inside coating. The upper end of this wire, which should extend a convenient distance above the mouth of the jar, is furnished with a metallic ball.
When the phial or jar is to be charged, it may be held in the hand or placed on an uninsulated table, with the knob of the wire touching the prime conductor. The inner surface of the glass now acquires the same electricity with the prime conductor, and the external one acquires a contrary electricity by means of its uninsulated coating.
When a phial similar to the one above described is highly charged, a spontaneous discharge will usually take place over the uncoated surface, and seldom through the glass. But if the uncoated surface be left larger than from two to three inches, the phial is more apt to crack and become useless, by the charge passing through the glass. There is not however an absolute certainty that a jar which has once discharged itself over its surface will not, at another time, break by a discharge through the glass.
It was long disputed whether the discharge of the Leyden phial resided in the coating or in the electric. The following experiment clearly decides, that its residence is in the electric.
Upon an uninsulated plate of metal, lay a plate of glass considerably larger, so that there may be a rim of three or four inches projecting beyond the metal. Upon the glass lay another piece of metal, of the same size with the first, and so as precisely to cover it.
Let this instrument be charged, by connecting the upper metallic plate with the prime conductor. Then separate the metallic plates from the glass; and upon examination the glass will be found to possess the contrary electricities on its opposite sides; that side which during the electrization communicated with the prime conductor will have a like electricity with it, and the other the contrary.
Discharge the electricity of the metallic plates, and replace the whole apparatus in its former situation.—Take a discharging rod, formed by a piece of bent wire with a metallic ball at each end; touch the under plate and bring the other end of the wire near the upper plate. The consequence will be, that a strong and loud spark will pass between the upper plate and the discharging rod; the electricity of the glass will be discharged, and there will afterwards remain no signs of electricity, either in the glass, or the metallic plates.—Hence it appears that the electricity resides in the glass, and that the coatings, whether in a plane or spherical form, are of no other use than to convey the electric fluid to the glass; to keep it equably distributed over the surface; and to form a communication between the different parts of the electrified glass, so that the discharge from them may be simultaneous.
When the discharge of a coated electric is made through the body of a living animal, it occasions a sudden motion, by contracting the muscles through which it passes, and gives a disagreeable sensation commonly called the electric shock.
CHAP. X.
The electrical battery—and experiments performed with it.
When a greater degree of electric force is required than a single jar is capable of giving, the electrical battery is made use of as part of the apparatus, which takes its name from the formidable effects it produces. This battery consists of a number of coated jars, placed in such a manner that they may all be charged at the same time, and discharged in an instant; so that the whole force of electricity accumulated in them, may at once be exerted on the substance exposed to the shock.