This instrument is composed of two glass tubes, one within the other, and furnished with a metallic ball at each end. The innermost tube has a spiral row of small round pieces of tin-foil, stuck upon its outside surface, and lying at the distance of one thirteenth of an inch apart. Now if the tube be held by one of its extremities, while the other is presented to the prime-conductor, every spark that is received from the conductor, will cause small sparks to appear between all the round pieces of tin-foil upon the inner tube, which in the dark appears encompassed by a spiral line of sparkling fire.
Small pieces of tin-foil are sometimes stuck upon pieces of glass, so as to represent various fanciful figures, and upon the same principle is the luminous word produced.
To make an electric Spark visible in Water, and to render various other Substances luminous.
Fill a glass tube, about an inch in diameter and six inches long, with water, and to each extremity adapt a cork to confine the water; through the corks let two blunt wires pass, so as nearly to touch one another within the tube: connect the outside coating of a small charged phial with one of these wires, and touch the knob to the other, which will cause a vivid spark to appear between their extremities within the tube.
It is necessary in this experiment that the charge of the phial should be exceedingly slight, otherwise the tube would burst. If you place in a common drinking glass almost full of water, two knobbed wires, so that their knobs may be within a little distance of one another in the water, and make the charge of a large jar pass through the wires, the explosion will disperse the water and break the glass with surprising violence.—This experiment is very dangerous if not made with great caution.
Water may be made luminous thus. Connect one end of a chain with the outside coating of a charged jar, and let the other lie on the table; place the end of another chain at about one fourth of an inch from the former; then set a decanter of water on these separated ends, and on making a discharge of the jar through the chains, the water will appear beautifully luminous.
To render ivory or box wood luminous.—Place an ivory ball on the prime-conductor of the machine, and take a spark or send the charge of a phial through its center, the ball will appear perfectly luminous; but if the charge be not taken through the center, it will pass off the surface and corrode it.
A spark taken through a ball of box wood, not only illuminates it, but makes it appear of a beautiful crimson, or rather scarlet colour. An egg may also be illuminated in the same way.
But the most curious experiment to shew the electric light is made with the real, or more easily with the artificial Bolognian stone, invented by the ingenious Mr. J. Canton. This phosphorus is a calcareous substance (generally used in the form of powder) which has the property of absorbing light when exposed to it, and afterwards appearing lucid in the dark. To make the experiment, take some of this powder, and by means of spirits of wine or ether, stick it all over the inside of a clear glass phial, and stop it with a good cork and sealing wax. If this phial be kept in a darkened room, (which for this experiment must be very dark,) it will give out no light; but let two or three strong sparks be drawn from the prime-conductor, while the phial is kept about two inches distant from the sparks, so that it may be exposed to their light, and the phial will afterwards appear luminous for some time. The powder may be stuck on a board by means of the white of an egg, so as to represent figures of planets, letters &c. at the operator’s pleasure, and these figures may be illuminated in the dark in the same manner as the phial, [for the method of making this phosphorus, see appendix, No. 5.]