Fig. 155.—Trees Blend Together to Form a Beautiful Composition.

5. Expression: The pupils have by this time been taught to feel the beautiful, to observe carefully and to reason intelligently and they may now be trained to express themselves properly. This may be accomplished by asking them to remember their observations and to write about them in the classroom. The lesson may be supplemented with effective reading about trees and forests. Interesting reading matter of this sort can be found in abundance in children’s readers, in special books on the subject and in Arbor Day Manuals published by the various State Education Departments.

6. Preparation: In order to save time looking for objects of interest and for the purpose of correlating the various observations so that all will follow in orderly sequence, it is well for the teacher or leader to go over the ground beforehand and note the special features of interest. The various topics can then be given some thought and a brief synopsis can be drawn up to serve as a memorandum and guide on the trip.

It is also well to be provided with a hatchet to cut into some decayed stump, a trowel to dig up the forest soil, a knife for cutting off twigs and a hand reading glass for examining the structural parts of the various objects under observation. A camera is always a valuable asset because the photographs hung in the classroom become records of great interest to all participants.

7. Suggestions for forming tree clubs: A good way to interest children in trees and nature study is to form, among them, a Tree Club. The idea has been fully developed in Brooklyn, N. Y., Newark, N. J., and other cities and consists of forming clubs of children in the public schools and private institutions for the purpose of interesting them in the trees around their school and their homes. The members of these clubs are each given the tree warden’s badge of authority and assigned to some special duty in the preservation of the local trees. A plan of study and of outdoor trips is laid out for them by their director and at stated periods they are given illustrated lectures on trees and taken to the neighboring parks or woodlands.

[Index]

Acer negundo, [(45)]
— platanoides, [(44)], [(123)]
— polymorphum, [(122)]
— pseudoplatanus, [(44)]
— rubrum, [(120)], [(125)]
— saccharinum, [(38)]
— saccharum, [(37)], [(121)]
Æsculus hippocastanum, [(33)], [(120)]
— rubicunda, [(121)]
Ailing tree, how to tell an, [(153)]
Air, influence of, [(117)]
Alternate branched trees, [(31)]
American beech, [(68)]
— elm, [(47)], [(50)], [(119)], [(125)], [(126)]
— larch, [(29)]
— linden, [(95)]
Annual rings, [(186)], [(220)]
Aphides or plant lice, [(68)], [(152)]
Apple rust, [(22)]
Arbor-vita and red cedar, description of, [(19)]
— (northern white cedar), [(22)]
Arsenate of lead, [(138)]
Ash, wood, [(227)]
— black, [(35)], [(227)]
— white, [(35)], [(126)]
Ash-leaf maple, [(46)]
Aspen, large-toothed, [(54)]
—, quaking, [(54)]
Austrian pine, [(9)], [(11)], [(122)]

Bald cypress, [(30)]
Balm of Gilead, [(54)]
Balsam, fir, [(225)]
—, poplar, [(54)]
Bark, [(106)]
Bark, how to prevent splitting when removing branches, [(162)]
— or trunk, trees told by their, [(59)]
Bass-wood, [(98)]
Bean, Indian, [(104)]
Beech, American, [(68)]
—, blue, or hornbeam, [(59)], [(70)]
—, copper, [(120)]
—, European, [(69)]
— tree, [(59)], [(128)], [(231)]
Beetle, elm leaf, [(49)], [(141)]
Betula alba, [(68)], [(120)]
— lutea, [(68)]
— lenta, [(68)]
— papyrifera, [(66)]
— populifolia, [(64)]
Bhotan pine, [(6)], [(122)]
Bigbud hickory, [(87)]
Birch, black, [(66)]
—, European white, [(68)], [(120)]
— fungus rot, [(157)]
—, gray, [(64)]
—, paper, [(66)]
—, sweet, [(66)]
— tree, [(59)]
—, white, [(64)]
—, yellow, [(68)]
Bitternut hickory, [(87)]
Black ash, [(35)], [(227)]
— birch, [(66)]
— locust, [(100)], [(126)]
— oak, [(75)]
— or sweet birch, [(232)]
— spruce, [(15)]
— walnut, [(87)], [(230)]
Blotches, leaf, [(41)]
Blue beech, or hornbeam, [(59)], [(70)], [(128)]
— spruce, [(123)]
Bolting limbs, [(176)]
Bordeaux mixture, [(160)], [(175)]
Borer, bronze-birch, [(64)]
—, hickory bark, [(85)], [(151)]
—, linden, [(98)]
—, locust, [(100)]
—, sugar maple, [(37)]
Boring insects, [(22)], [(134)]
Box-elder, [(45)]
Bracing limbs, various methods of, [(176)]
Bracket fungus, [(154)]
Branches, dead and broken, removal of, [(162)]
—, how to prevent bark splitting when removing, [(162)]
Broadleaf or “hardwoods,” [(222)], [(226)]
Bronze-birch borer, [(64)]
Brooklyn, N. Y., [(242)]
Broom hickory, [(87)]
Brown hickory, [(87)]
Brown-tail moth, [(145)]
Buckeye, [(34)]
Butternut, [(83)], [(90)]
Buttonball, [(63)]
Buttonwood, [(63)]
By-products of forests, utilization of, [(198)]

Cambium layer, [(106)], [(109)]
Camperdown elm, [(50)]
Care in selecting trees suitable for the soil, [(210)]
Carolina poplar, [(51)]
Carpinus caroliniana, [(70)], [(128)]
Castanea dentata, [(80)]
Catalpa speciosa, [(102)]
Caterpillars, [(33)], [(74)]
Caterpillars, leaf-eating, [(95)]
—, spraying for, [(145)]
Catkin, [(66)]
Cattle grazing in forests a source of injury, [(196)]
Cavities, fungous diseases attacking, [(172)]
— how caused, [(170)]
—, manner of filling, [(172)]
Cedar apple, [(22)]
—, white, [(24)]
Celtis occidentalis, [(70)]
Chamæcyparis thyoides, [(24)]
Character building and trees, [(235)]
Chestnut, [(80)], [(227)]
— and oaks, [(71)]
— disease, [(158)]
Chewing insects, [(134)]
Cherry, [(231)]
Child training in observation and precision, [(237)]
Chlorophyll, [(109)]
Civic lessons reflected in trees, [(239)]
Climbing trees, precautions, [(167)]
Clubs, tree, [(242)]
Coffee tree, [(120)]
Colorado blue spruce, [(15)]
Color of leaves, [(109)]
Common catalpa, [(104)]
— locust, [(101)]
Community life of trees, [(182)], [(239)]
Conifers or “softwoods,” [(222)], [(224)]
Coniferous trees, [(122)]
Copper beech, [(120)]
Cork elm, [(95)]
Cornus florida, [(104)], [(122)], [(128)]
Corrosive sublimate, [(175)]
Cottonwood, [(51)], [(232)]
Cottony-maple scale, [(39)]
Cratægus oxyacantha, [(128)]
Crown, [(107)]
Cucumber tree, [(99)]
Cypress, [(225)]
— and larch, description of, [(25)]
—, bald, [(30)]
— knees, [(31)], [(117)]
— obtuse leaf, Japanese, [(123)]

Dead and broken branches, removal of, [(162)]
Deciduous trees, [(119)]
Destroying injurious insects, methods of, [(134)]
— pupæ, [(141)]
Developing disease, moisture a factor in, [(112)]
Diaporthe parasitica, [(82)]
Diffuse-porous woods, [(221)], [(230)]
Disease, fungi as factors of, [(155)]
— moisture a factor in developing, [(112)]
Dogwood, flowering, [(104)], [(122)]
Douglas fir, [(224)]