I was next desirous of exalting the sensitiveness to a still higher degree by an independent method, which would not only reveal very slight variation induced in the rate of growth, but also the latent period and time-relations of the change. For this purpose I at first devised the Optical Method of Balance[1] which was considered at the time to be extremely sensitive. The spot of light from the Optical Lever (which magnified the rate of growth) was made to fall upon a mirror to which a compensating movement was imparted so that the light-spot after double reflection remained stationary. Any change of rate of growth—acceleration or retardation—was at once detected by the movement of the hitherto stationary spot of light in one direction or the other.
A very careful manipulation was required for the adjustment of the Optical Balance; the record moreover was not automatic. For these reasons I have been engaged for several years past in perfecting a new apparatus by which, (1) the balance could be directly obtained with the utmost exactitude, (2) where an attached scale would indicate the exact rate of growth, and (3) in which the upsetting of the balance by external stimulus would be automatically recorded, the curve giving the time relations of the change.
PRINCIPLE OF THE METHOD OF BALANCE.
I shall take a concrete example in explanation of the method of balance. Taking the rate of growth per second of a plant to be 1⁄50,000 inch or 0·5 µ, per second (equal to the wave length of sodium light), the tip of the plant will be maintained at the same point in space if we succeeded in making the plant-holder subside exactly at the same rate. The growth-elongation of the plant will then be exactly balanced by a compensating movement downwards. The state of exact balance is indicated when the recording lever of the Crescograph traces a horizontal line on the moving plate. Overbalance or underbalance will deflect the record below or above the horizontal line.
Fig. 93.—Arrangement for compensation of growth-movement by equal subsidence of plant-holder; S, adjusting screw for regulation of speed of rotation; G, governor; W, heavy weight; P, plant-holder.
COMPENSATING MOVEMENT.
For securing exact balance the holder of the plant P, in the given example, will have to subside at a rate of 1⁄50,000 inch per second. This is accomplished by a system of reducing worm and pinion, also of clock wheels (Fig. 93). The clock at first used for this purpose was worked by the usual balance wheel. Though this secured an average balance yet as each tick of the clock consisted of sudden movement and stoppage, it caused minute variation in the rate of subsidence; this became magnified by the Crescograph and appeared as a series of oscillations about a mean position of equilibrium. This particular defect was obviated by the substitution of a fan governor for the balance wheel. But the speed of rotation slows down with the unwinding of the main spring, and the balance obtained at the beginning was found to be insufficient later on. The difficulty was finally overcome by the use of a heavy weight W, in the place of coiled spring. The complete apparatus is seen in figure 94.
