Among the other exports of Thrace and Macedonia were wine flavoured with wormwood,[[1943]] truffles,[[1944]] beans from about Philippi,[[1945]] heraclean all-heal,[[1946]] the juice of which was called opopanax, odoriferous roots some of which exhaled the perfume of spikenard,[[1947]] the meon,[[1948]] alum,[[1949]] corn,[[1950]] cheese,[[1951]] salt-fish,[[1952]] mullets from Abdera,[[1953]] delcani from the lake Delcon,[[1954]] eels from the Strymon,[[1955]] skates from Ænia,[[1956]] enormous horns of wild bulls,[[1957]] timber for ships[[1958]] and oars,[[1959]] chrysocolla,[[1960]] alum, reddle, jet from the neighbourhood of Bena,[[1961]] dark carbuncles,[[1962]] and earths for preserving corn found near Olynthos.[[1963]]

From the countries situated on the Bosporos and the Black Sea, Greece imported numerous valuable commodities, among which the principal were corn,[[1964]] salt-meat,[[1965]] and fish,[[1966]]—as thunnies, corduli, turbots, the kolias, a kind of mackerel, Tethæan oysters from Chalcedon, amiæ,[[1967]] mullets,[[1968]] sturgeons, oxyrunchi,[[1969]] coracini, skates, herrings,[[1970]] crabs,[[1971]] and the edible mussel.[[1972]] The way in which some of these fish were caught in the Euxine is perhaps worth describing:[[1973]] the natives pitching, in winter, their tents on the ice,[[1974]] cut therein large open spaces, towards which the fish thronging to enjoy the light, were taken in great numbers.

To the above may be added[[1975]] nuts, chestnuts, walnuts,[[1976]] honey, wax,[[1977]] tar, wool, rigging, leather, goatskins, timber,[[1978]] horses[[1979]] and pheasants from the Phasis,[[1980]] and slaves, particularly archers.[[1981]] The honey of Heraclea, like that of Mazanderân, and certain poisons, is said to have produced a temporary madness.[[1982]] From the kingdom of Pontos was obtained that medicinal root denominated rha,[[1983]] which has sometimes been confounded with rhubarb,[[1984]] though the latter be laxative, the former astringent, together with isinglass,[[1985]] used in cosmetics, for smoothing the wrinkles of the face, liquorice-root, brought also from Cappadocia,[[1986]] wild spikenard found growing on shady mountains,[[1987]] wormwood which fattened sheep and diminished their gall,[[1988]] amomon,[[1989]] and germander.[[1990]]

Melilot[[1991]] was exported from Chalcedon, and Cyzicos, where there was likewise an extensive manufactory of unguent of marjoram,[[1992]] a plant which appears to have grown abundantly amid the neighbouring hills, and was commonly wreathed in garlands. The making of this article of commerce was a complicated operation, and numerous ingredients entered into its composition,—as oil of green olives, and of acorns, balsam wood, odoriferous rushes and reeds perfumed with marjoram, spikenard, costus, amomon, cassia, carpobalsamon, and myrrh. To render the ointment still more precious cinnamon was sometimes intermingled with it, the vessel in which it was kept moistened with wine, while honey was made the basis of the paste.

The shores of the Propontis furnished wine flavoured with wormwood,[[1993]] cardamums,[[1994]] and the substance called halcyonion, supposed by the ancients to have been that indurated froth of the sea,[[1995]] with which the halcyon built her nest. It was obtained as well on the continent as from the island of Besbicos, now Kalolimno.[[1996]] A very similar substance, called Adarces, was found in Cappadocia,[[1997]] about the rivers and marshes, where it hung suspended on the tops of reeds. Aconite[[1998]] and origany came from the country of the Maryandinians,[[1999]] and agaric from Sarmatia,[[2000]] doubtless by way of the Dnieper. The Sea of Marmora produced black coral, as also a sort of floating petroleum.[[2001]]

The orpiment[[2002]] of Pontos and Cappadocia enjoyed but a secondary reputation; the first place being given to that of Mysia. The lapis lazuli[[2003]] of Scythia necessarily found its way into Greece by the Black Sea, as did, likewise, the cinnabar of Colchis, said to have been discovered amid inaccessible rocks and precipices,[[2004]] whence it was brought down by darts and arrows. Probably, also, brass was exported from Colchis.[[2005]] In the Homeric age great quantities of silver[[2006]] would seem to have been obtained from the country of the Halizones, as in later ages of steel and iron from that part of Asia Minor inhabited by the Chalybes,[[2007]] who are said to have worked their mines naked. The finest kind of minium was excavated from certain caverns in Cappadocia,[[2008]] and transported by land to the city of Sinope, whence it was sent into Greece.[[2009]] It was of three kinds,—the one deep, the other extremely pale, and the third sort a shade between the two. There were likewise in the same district mines of ochre, and both were so infected with damp and malaria, that the workmen, as in our own coalpits, were constantly in danger of their lives.[[2010]] Many of the commodities of this place were probably distributed through Greece and Asia by the travelling merchants, who resorted, at the annual festival of the goddess, to the great fair of Komana.[[2011]]

In speaking of the Black Sea we have already entered upon that of Asia Minor, which, taken altogether, was perhaps the richest and most important anywhere carried on by the Greeks. Every province of this fertile and beautiful division of Asia abounded in costly or useful articles of merchandise, and its roads and rivers incessantly poured towards Greece not only the productions of its own soil, but those also of Central Asia, brought thither by the caravans from both shores of the Caspian. Gold dust[[2012]] was collected from the sands of the Pactolos;[[2013]] marbles of the most brilliant whiteness were exported from Ephesos, (whose inhabitants decreed divine honours to the shepherd Pyxodoros,[[2014]] by whom the quarries were discovered), and from Synnada in Phrygia;[[2015]] large veins of lapis specularis, a stone so transparent[[2016]] that it served the ancients instead of glass for windows, were found in Cappadocia; the precious gem called alabandine[[2017]] was procured from the district round Miletos, jet[[2018]] from Lycia, not far from the river Gagas, and the fortress Plagiopolis. The places whence this mineral is chiefly obtained at present are Inspruck, in the Tyrol,[[2019]] where it is rolled down by the waters of a certain stream, and Wirtemberg,[[2020]] where it is wrought into all kinds of ornaments.

The touchstone was found in great quantities in the bed of the river Tmolos.[[2021]] It resembled in form a flat pebble, though considerably larger, and the side which had lain uppermost exposed to the sun was supposed to exercise a greater power over metals than the side opposite, which was more saturated with moisture. Basalt and the green marble called verdello are now often used instead of it in making experiments on the purity of gold.[[2022]] From this part of the world also was first obtained that extraordinary stone whose properties slightly observed by the ancients have since effected so wonderful a change in the science of navigation; I mean the magnet, found originally in Lydia, near the city of Heraclea.[[2023]]

In the neighbourhood of Ephesos there was a manufacture of cinnabar,[[2024]] which was produced in the following manner: taking a quantity of sand of a bright scarlet colour, they triturated it to a very fine powder in stone mortars, after which it was washed in brazen vessels, and the remainder pounded and washed as before till the whole had been reduced to the fineness required.

The fossil and mineral salt called alum,[[2025]] was dug out of the earth near Hierapolis in Phrygia, from which country also the best salt[[2026]] was procured. It was found, as at present, on the shores of Lake Tatta, on which account it obtained the name of the Tattæan salt.[[2027]] A causeway traverses the lake nearly through the centre, as in the case of the lake Tritonis in northern Africa.