Balloon.—The balloon, as my readers are aware, is constructed on the obvious principle that a machine lighter than the air must necessarily rise through it. The Montgolfier brothers invented such a machine in 1782. Their balloon consisted of a paper globe or cylinder, the motor power being super-heated air supplied by the burning of vine twigs under it. The Montgolfier or fire balloon, as it was called, was superseded by the hydrogen gas balloon of MM. Charles and Robert, this being in turn supplanted by the ordinary gas balloon of Mr. Green. Since the introduction of coal gas in the place of hydrogen gas, no radical improvement has been effected, all attempts at guiding the balloon having signally failed. This arises from the vast extent of surface which it necessarily presents, rendering it a fair conquest to every breeze that blows; and because the power which animates it is a mere lifting power which, in the absence of wind, must act in a vertical line. The balloon consequently rises through the air in opposition to the law of gravity, very much as a dead bird falls in a downward direction in accordance with it. Having no hold upon the air, this cannot be employed as a fulcrum for regulating its movements, and hence the cardinal difficulty of ballooning as an art.
Finding that no marked improvement has been made in the balloon since its introduction in 1782, the more advanced thinkers have within the last quarter of a century turned their attention in an opposite direction, and have come to regard flying creatures, all of which are much heavier than the air, as the true models for flying machines. An old doctrine is more readily assailed than uprooted, and accordingly we find the followers of the new faith met by the assertion that insects and birds have large air cavities in their interior; that those cavities contain heated air, and that this heated air in some mysterious manner contributes to, if it does not actually produce, flight. No argument could be more fallacious. Many admirable fliers, such as the bats, have no air-cells; while many birds, the apteryx for example, and several animals never intended to fly, such as the orang-outang and a large number of fishes, are provided with them. It may therefore be reasonably concluded that flight is in no way connected with air-cells, and the best proof that can be adduced is to be found in the fact that it can be performed to perfection in their absence.
The Inclined Plane.—The modern school of flying is in some respects quite as irrational as the ballooning school.
The favourite idea with most is the wedging forward of a rigid inclined plane upon the air by means of a “vis a tergo.”
The inclined plane may be made to advance in a horizontal line, or made to rotate in the form of a screw. Both plans have their adherents. The one recommends a large supporting area extending on either side of the weight to be elevated; the surface of the supporting area making a very slight angle with the horizon, and the whole being wedged forward by the action of vertical screw propellers. This was the plan suggested by Henson and Stringfellow.
Mr. Henson designed his aërostat in 1843. “The chief feature of the invention was the very great expanse of its sustaining planes, which were larger in proportion to the weight it had to carry than those of many birds. The machine advanced with its front edge a little raised, the effect of which was to present its under surface to the air over which it passed, the resistance of which, acting upon it like a strong wind on the sails of a windmill, prevented the descent of the machine and its burden. The sustaining of the whole, therefore, depended upon the speed at which it travelled through the air, and the angle at which its under surface impinged on the air in its front. . . . The machine, fully prepared for flight, was started from the top of an inclined plane, in descending which it attained a velocity necessary to sustain it in its further progress. That velocity would be gradually destroyed by the resistance of the air to forward flight; it was, therefore, the office of the steam-engine and the vanes it actuated simply to repair the loss of velocity; it was made therefore only of the power and weight necessary for that small effect” (fig. 109). The editor of Newton’s Journal of Arts and Science speaks of it thus:—“The apparatus consists of a car containing the goods, passengers, engines, fuel, etc., to which a rectangular frame, made of wood or bamboo cane, and covered with canvas or oiled silk, is attached. This frame extends on either side of the car in a similar manner to the outstretched wings of a bird; but with this difference, that the frame is immovable. Behind the wings are two vertical fan wheels, furnished with oblique vanes, which are intended to propel the apparatus through the air. The rainbow-like circular wheels are the propellers, answering to the wheels of a steam-boat, and acting upon the air after the manner of a windmill. These wheels receive motion from bands and pulleys from a steam or other engine contained in the car. To an axis at the stern of the car a triangular frame is attached, resembling the tail of a bird, which is also covered with canvas or oiled silk. This may be expanded or contracted at pleasure, and is moved up and down for the purpose of causing the machine to ascend or descend. Beneath the tail is a rudder for directing the course of the machine to the right or to the left; and to facilitate the steering a sail is stretched between two masts which rise from the car. The amount of canvas or oiled silk necessary for buoying up the machine is stated to be equal to one square foot for each half pound of weight.”
Fig. 109.—Mr. Henson’s Flying Machine.