21. See Neil Weinstock Netanel, "Locating Copyright Within the First Amendment Skein," Stanford Law Review 54 (2001): 1-86; Yochai Benkler, "Free As the Air to Common Use: First Amendment Constraints on Enclosure of the Public Domain," New York University Law Review 74 (1999): 354-446; Larry Lessig, Melville B. Nimmer Memorial Lecture: "Copyright's First Amendment" (March 1, 2001), in UCLA Law Review 48 (2001): 1057-1074; Melville B. Nimmer, "Does Copyright Abridge the First Amendment Guaranties of Free Speech and the Press?" UCLA Law Review 17 (1970): 1180-1204.
22. Sega Enterprises Ltd. v. Accolade, Inc., 977 F.2d 1510 (9th Cir. 1992); Atari Games Corp. v. Nintendo of America Inc., 975 F.2d 832 (Fed. Cir. 1992).
23. Sony 464 U.S. at 441 n. 21.
24. A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc., 239 F.3d 1004 (9th Cir. 2001).
25. A&M Records v. Napster: C-SPAN Videotape 159534, Part 1 of 1 (October 2, 2000).
26. Felix Oberholzer-Gee and Koleman Strumpf, "The Effect of File Sharing on Record Sales: An Empirical Analysis," Journal of Political Economy 115, no. 1 (2007): 1-42.
27. Stan J. Liebowitz, "How Reliable Is the Oberholzer-Gee and Strumpf Paper on File-Sharing?" available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id?1014399.
28. Rafael Rob and Joel Waldfogel, "Piracy on the High C's: Music Downloading, Sales Displacement, and Social Welfare in a Sample of College Students," available at http://www.law.upenn.edu/polk/dropbox/waldfogel.pdf.
29. M. Peitz and P. Waelbroeck, "The Effect of Internet Piracy on Music Sales: Cross-Section Evidence," Review of Economic Research on Copyright Issues (December 2004): 71-79, available at http://www.serci.org/docs_1_2/waelbroeck.pdf. For an excellent general discussion see Rufus Pollock's summary of the empirical evidence at http://www.rufuspollock.org/economics/p2p_summary.html.
30. MGM Studios Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd., 545 U.S. 913 (2005).