| TABLE FOR THE ESTIMATION OF CHLORIDS AFTER CENTRIFUGATION | ||||
| Showing the bulk-percentage of silver chlorid (AgCl) and the corresponding gravimetric percentages and grains per fluidounce of sodium chlorid (NaCl) and chlorin (Cl).—(Purdy.) | ||||
| Bulk-percentage of AgCl. | Percentage NaCl. | Gr. Per Oz. NaCl. | Percentage Cl. | Gr. Per Oz. Cl. |
| ¼ | 0.03 | 0.15 | 0.02 | 0.1 |
| ½ | 0.07 | 0.31 | 0.04 | 0.19 |
| ¾ | 0.1 | 0.47 | 0.06 | 0.28 |
| 1 | 0.13 | 0.62 | 0.08 | 0.38 |
| 1¼ | 0.16 | 0.78 | 0.1 | 0.48 |
| 1½ | 0.19 | 0.93 | 0.12 | 0.57 |
| 1¾ | 0.23 | 1.09 | 0.14 | 0.67 |
| 2 | 0.26 | 1.24 | 0.16 | 0.76 |
| 2¼ | 0.29 | 1.41 | 0.18 | 0.85 |
| 2½ | 0.32 | 1.56 | 0.2 | 0.96 |
| 2¾ | 0.36 | 1.71 | 0.22 | 1.04 |
| 3 | 0.39 | 1.87 | 0.24 | 1.13 |
| 3¼ | 0.42 | 2.02 | 0.26 | 1.23 |
| 3½ | 0.45 | 2.18 | 0.28 | 1.32 |
| 3¾ | 0.49 | 2.35 | 0.3 | 1.42 |
| 4 | 0.52 | 2.49 | 0.32 | 1.51 |
| 4¼ | 0.55 | 2.64 | 0.34 | 1.61 |
| 4½ | 0.58 | 2.8 | 0.35 | 1.7 |
| 4¾ | 0.62 | 2.96 | 0.37 | 1.8 |
| 5 | 0.65 | 3.11 | 0.39 | 1.89 |
| 5½ | 0.71 | 3.42 | 0.43 | 2.09 |
| 6 | 0.78 | 3.73 | 0.47 | 2.27 |
| 6½ | 0.84 | 4.05 | 0.51 | 2.46 |
| 7 | 0.91 | 4.35 | 0.55 | 2.62 |
| 7½ | 0.97 | 4.67 | 0.59 | 2.84 |
| 8 | 1.04 | 4.98 | 0.63 | 3.02 |
| 8½ | 1.1 | 5.29 | 0.67 | 3.22 |
| 9 | 1.17 | 5.6 | 0.71 | 3.4 |
| 9½ | 1.23 | 5.91 | 0.75 | 3.6 |
| 10 | 1.3 | 6.22 | 0.79 | 3.79 |
| 10½ | 1.36 | 6.53 | 0.83 | 3.97 |
| 11 | 1.43 | 6.84 | 0.87 | 4.16 |
| 11½ | 1.49 | 7.2 | 0.91 | 4.35 |
| 12 | 1.56 | 7.46 | 0.95 | 4.54 |
| 12½ | 1.62 | 7.78 | 0.99 | 4.73 |
| 13 | 1.69 | 8.09 | 1.02 | 4.92 |
| 13½ | 1.75 | 8.4 | 1.06 | 5.11 |
| 14 | 1.82 | 8.71 | 1.1 | 5.29 |
| 14½ | 1.88 | 9.02 | 1.14 | 5.49 |
| 15 | 1.94 | 9.33 | 1.18 | 5.67 |
| 15½ | 2.01 | 9.65 | 1.22 | 5.86 |
| 16 | 2.07 | 9.94 | 1.26 | 6.06 |
| 16½ | 2.14 | 10.27 | 1.3 | 6.24 |
| 17 | 2.2 | 10.51 | 1.34 | 6.43 |
| 17½ | 2.27 | 10.87 | 1.38 | 6.62 |
| 18 | 2.33 | 11.2 | 1.42 | 6.81 |
| 18½ | 2.4 | 11.51 | 1.46 | 7.0 |
| 19 | 2.46 | 11.82 | 1.5 | 7.19 |
| 19½ | 2.53 | 12.13 | 1.54 | 7.38 |
| 20 | 2.59 | 12.44 | 1.58 | 7.56 |
| Bulk-percentage to be read on the side of the tube. | ||||
2. Phosphates.—Phosphates are derived largely from the food, only a small proportion resulting from metabolism. The normal daily output of phosphoric acid is about 2.5 to 3.5 gm.
The urinary phosphates are of two kinds: alkaline, which make up two-thirds of the whole, and include the phosphates of sodium and potassium; and earthy, which constitute one-third, and include the phosphates of calcium and magnesium. Earthy phosphates are frequently thrown out of solution in neutral and alkaline urines, and as "amorphous phosphates" form a very common sediment. This sediment seldom indicates an excessive excretion of phosphates.
Quantitative estimation does not furnish much of definite clinical value. The centrifugal method is the most convenient.
| TABLE FOR THE ESTIMATION OF PHOSPHATES AFTER CENTRIFUGATION | |||||
| Showing bulk-percentages of uranyl phosphate (H[UO2]PO4) and the corresponding gravimetric percentages and grains per ounce of phosphoric acid (P2O5).—(Purdy.) | |||||
| Bulk-percentage of H(UO2)PO4. | Percentage P2O5. | Gr. Per Oz. P2O5. | Bulk-percentage of H(UO2)PO4. | Percentage P2O5. | Gr. Per Oz. P2O5. |
| ½ | 0.02 | 0.1 | 11 | 0.14 | 0.67 |
| 1 | 0.04 | 0.19 | 12 | 0.15 | 0.72 |
| 1½ | 0.045 | 0.22 | 13 | 0.16 | 0.77 |
| 2 | 0.05 | 0.24 | 14 | 0.17 | 0.82 |
| 2½ | 0.055 | 0.26 | 15 | 0.18 | 0.86 |
| 3 | 0.06 | 0.29 | 16 | 0.19 | 0.91 |
| 3½ | 0.065 | 0.31 | 17 | 0.2 | 0.96 |
| 4 | 0.07 | 0.34 | 18 | 0.21 | 1.0 |
| 4½ | 0.075 | 0.36 | 19 | 0.22 | 1.06 |
| 5 | 0.08 | 0.38 | 20 | 0.23 | 1.1 |
| 6 | 0.09 | 0.43 | 21 | 0.24 | 1.15 |
| 7 | 0.1 | 0.48 | 22 | 0.25 | 1.2 |
| 8 | 0.11 | 0.53 | 23 | 0.26 | 1.25 |
| 9 | 0.12 | 0.58 | 24 | 0.27 | 1.3 |
| 10 | 0.13 | 0.62 | 25 | 0.28 | 1.35 |
| Bulk-percentage to be read from graduation on the side of the tube. | |||||
Purdy's Centrifugal Method.—Take 10 c.c. urine in the graduated tube, add 2 c.c. of 50 per cent. acetic acid, and 3 c.c. of 5 per cent. uranium nitrate solution. Mix; let stand a few minutes, and revolve for three minutes at 1200 revolutions. The bulk of precipitate is normally about 8 per cent. The percentage of phosphoric acid by weight is, roughly, one-eighty-fifth of the bulk-percentage.
3. Sulphates.—The urinary sulphates are derived partly from the food, especially meats, and partly from body metabolism. The normal output of sulphuric acid is about 1.5 to 3 gm. daily.
Quantitative estimation of the total sulphates yields little of clinical value.
Purdy's Centrifugal Method.—Take 10 c.c. urine in the graduated tube and add barium chlorid solution to the 15 c.c. mark. This consists of barium chlorid, 4 parts; strong hydrochloric acid, 1 part; and distilled water, 16 parts. Mix; let stand a few minutes, and revolve for three minutes at 1200 revolutions a minute. The normal bulk of precipitate is about 0.8 per cent. The percentage by weight of sulphuric acid is about one-fourth of the bulk-percentage.
| TABLE FOR THE ESTIMATION OF SULPHATES AFTER CENTRIFUGATION | |||||
| Showing the bulk-percentages of barium sulphate (BaSO4) and the corresponding gravimetric percentages and grains per fluidounce of sulphuric acid (SO3).—(Purdy.) | |||||
| Bulk-percentage of BaSO4. | Percentage SO3. | Gr. Per Oz. SO3. | Bulk-percentage of BaSO4. | Percentage SO3. | Gr. Per Oz. SO3. |
| 1/8 | 0.04 | 0.19 | 2¼ | 0.55 | 2.64 |
| ¼ | 0.07 | 0.34 | 2½ | 0.61 | 2.93 |
| 3/8 | 0.1 | 0.48 | 2¾ | 0.67 | 3.22 |
| ½ | 0.13 | 0.62 | 3 | 0.73 | 3.5 |
| 5/8 | 0.16 | 0.77 | 3¼ | 0.79 | 3.79 |
| ¾ | 0.19 | 0.91 | 3½ | 0.85 | 4.08 |
| 7/8 | 0.22 | 1.06 | 3¾ | 0.91 | 4.37 |
| 1 | 0.25 | 1.1 | 4 | 0.97 | 4.66 |
| 1¼ | 0.31 | 1.49 | 4¼ | 1.03 | 4.94 |
| 1½ | 0.37 | 1.78 | 4½ | 1.09 | 5.23 |
| 1¾ | 0.43 | 2.06 | 4¾ | 1.15 | 5.52 |
| 2 | 0.49 | 2.35 | 5 | 1.21 | 5.81 |
| Bulk-percentage to be read from graduation on the side of the tube. | |||||