| [PART I] | |
| THE STUDY OF THE CRIMINAL | |
| [CHAPTER I] | |
| THE CRIMINAL AND THE CRIMINOLOGISTS | |
| Classification of criminals—The treatment of the criminal not a medical but a social question—Technical differencesbetween crimes and offences—Changes in the law—Vice and crime—The beginner in crime—Common characters of the“criminal class”—Atrocious crimes exceptional—So-called scientific studies of the criminal—How figures mislead—Compositephotographs and averages—Estimate of character from physical examination—Causal relationship to crime of these characters | pages [3-17] |
| [CHAPTER II] | |
| HEREDITY AND CRIME | |
| Does heredity account for one quality more than another?—Impossibility of forecasting the conduct of others—Docriminals breed criminals?—The fit and the unfit—Unequal endowments—Ability and position—Inherited facultiesand social pressure—Crime the result of wrongly directed powers—Original sin and heredity—Heredity behind everything | [18-23] |
| [CHAPTER III] | |
| INSANITY AND CRIME | |
| Insanity and responsibility—Removal of the insane from prison—Crime resulting from insanity—Case of theft—Ofembezzlement—Of fire-raising—Insanity and murder charges—The result of an act not a guide to the nature of the act—Observationof prisoners charged with certain offences—Insanity as a result of misconduct—Cases—The mentally defective—Cases | [24-40] |
| [CHAPTER IV] | |
| PHYSICAL DEFECTS AND CRIME | |
| Physical defects beget sympathy—Rarely induce crime—May cause mental degeneration—Case of jealousy and murder | [41-43] |
| [CHAPTER V] | |
| THE STUDY OF THE CRIMINAL | |
| The reliability of prisoners’ statements—Deceit or misunderstanding?—Frankness and knowledge required on the partof the investigator—The prisoner’s statement should form the basis of enquiry—Information and help obtained fromformer friends—The diffusion of knowledge so obtained—The prevention of crime and the accumulation of knowledge | [44-48] |
| [PART II] | |
| COMMON FACTORS IN THE CAUSATION OF CRIME | |
| [CHAPTER I] | |
| DRINK AND CRIME | |
| Drink commonly accredited with the production of crime—Minor offences usually committed under its influence—Drinka factor in the causation of most crimes against the person—Double personality caused by drink—Drunkencruelty—Drunken rage—Assaults on the drunken—Sexual offences—Child neglect—Mental defect behind the drunkennessof some offenders—Malicious mischief and theft—Drunken kleptomania—The professional criminal anddrink—Thefts from the drunken—Amount of crime not in ratio to amount of drinking in a district—The viceexistent apart from crime, in the country—And in the wealthier parts of the city—Drunkenness and statistics—Summary | [51-66] |
| [CHAPTER II] | |
| POVERTY, DESTITUTION, OVERCROWDING, AND CRIME | |
| The majority of persons in prison there because of theirpoverty—Poverty and drink—Poverty and pettyoffences—Poverty and thrift—Poverty and destitution—Case of theft from destitution—Poverty and vagrancy—Unemploymentand beggary—Formation of professional offenders—The case of the old—The degradation of the unemployedto unemployability—No ratio between the amount of poverty alone and the amount of crime—A definite ratiobetween density of population and crime—Slum life—Overcrowding—Cases of destitution and overcrowding—Overcrowdingand decency—Poverty and overcrowding in relation to offences against the person—The poor andofficials—The absence of opportunity for rational recreation—The migratory character of the population—Themultiplication of laws and of penalties—Transgressions due to ignorance and to inability to conform—Contrastbetween city and country administration—Case of petty offender—Treatment induces further offences—The city thehiding-place of the professional criminal—Crime largely a by-product of city life | [67-94] |
| [CHAPTER III] | |
| IMMIGRATION AND CRIME | |
| The stranger most likely to offend—The reaction to new surroundings—The difficulty of recovery—The attractionof the city—The Churches and the immigrant—Benevolent associations—The alien immigrants—Their tendency to hold themselvesapart—Deportation—A language test required—The alien criminal—His dangerous character—The need for powers to deal with him | [95-102] |
| [CHAPTER IV] | |
| SOCIAL CONDITIONS AND CRIME | |
| The millionaire and the pauper—Ill-feeling and misunderstanding—Social ambitions—Case of embezzlement—Preachingand practice—Gambling—The desire to “get on”—The need to deal with those who profit by the helplessness of others—Politicalaction—Its difficulty—Legislation and administration—The official and the public—Personal aid—Fellowship | [103-116] |
| [CHAPTER V] | |
| AGE AND CRIME | |
| The inexperience of youth—The training of boys—Case of a truant—Another case—Intractability—The foolishness ofparent and teacher—The absence of mutualunderstanding—Recreation—Malicious mischief and petty theft—The cause thereof—The need for instructing parents—Perniciousliterature—The other kind—The modern Dick Turpin—The boy as he leaves school—Amusements—Repression—Blind-alleyoccupations—The adolescent—Physical strain of many occupations—Unequal physical and mentaldevelopment—The street trader—Hooliganism—Knowledge and experience—The perils of youth—Old age | [117-139] |
| [CHAPTER VI] | |
| SEX AND CRIME | |
| The position of woman—The posturing of men—Love and crime—Two cases of theft from sexual attraction—Thefemale thief—Case—Blackmailing—Jealousy and crime—Two murder cases—Case of assault—Fewer women thanmen are criminals—Their greater difficulty in recovery—Young girls and sexual offences—The perils of girlhood—Wagesand conduct—Exotic standards of dress—Ignorance and wrongdoing—The domestic servant—Her difficulties—Concealmentof pregnancy cases—The culprit and the father—Morals—The fallen woman—Bigamy | [140-160] |
| [CHAPTER VII] | |
| PUNISHMENT | |
| The universal cure-all—The public and the advertising healer—The essence of all quackery—The quackery of punishment—Rationaltreatment—Justice not bad temper—Retribution—Our fathers and ourselves—Their methodsnot necessarily suitable to our time—Capital punishment—The incurable and the incorrigible—Objections to capitalpunishment apply in degree to all punishment—The “cat”—The executioner and the surgeon—Whipping andits effect—The flogged offender—The act and the intention—Pain and vitality—Unequal effects of punishment—Finesand their burden—Who is punished most?—Punishment and expiation—Punishment and deterrence—Socialopinion the real deterrent—Vicious social circles—Respect for the law—Prevention of crime | [161-185] |
| [PART III] | |
| THE TREATMENT OF THE CRIMINAL | |
| [CHAPTER I] | |
| THE MACHINERY OF THE LAW | |
| The police and their duties—Divided control—Need for knowledge of local peculiarities—The fear of “corruption”—Thepolice cell—Cleanliness and discomfort—Insufficient provision of diet, etc.—The casualty surgeon—The policecourt—The untrained magistrate—The assessor—Pleas of “guilty”—Case—Apathy of the public—Agents for thePoor—The prison van—The sheriff court—The procurator-fiscal—Procedure in the higher courts—The Scottish jury | [189-209] |
| [CHAPTER II] | |
| THE PRISON SYSTEM | |
| Centralisation—The constitution of the Prison Commission—Parliamentary control—The Commissioners—The rules—Thevisiting committee—The governor and the matron—The chaplain—The medical officer—The staff | [210-219] |
| [CHAPTER III] | |
| THE PRISON AND ITS ROUTINE | |
| Reception of the prisoner—Cleanliness and order—The plan of the prison—The cells—Their furniture—The diet—Theclothing—Work—The Workshops—Separate confinement and association—Gratuities—Prison offences—Complaints—Punishmentcells—Visits of the chaplain—Visits of representatives of the Churches—The gulf between visitorand visited—The Chapel—The Salvation Army—Rest—Recreation—Theprison Library—Lectures—The airing-yard—Physical drill | [220-242] |
| [CHAPTER IV] | |
| VARIATIONS IN ROUTINE | |
| The sick—Prison hospitals—The removal of the sick to outside hospitals—The wisdom of this course—The essentialdifference between a prison and other public institutions—The treatment of refractory prisoners—The folly of assumingthat rules are more sacred than persons—The position of the medical officer in relation to the prisoner—Thedanger of divided responsibility—The untried prisoner—His privileges—Civil prisoners—Imprisonment for contemptof court—The convict—Short and long sentences | [243-257] |
| [CHAPTER V] | |
| THE PRISONER ON LIBERATION | |
| His condition—His need—Alleged persecution of ex-prisoners—Discharged prisoners’ aid societies—Work—Temptations—Thedischarged female offender—The attitude of women towards her—“Homes”—The women’s objections to them—Pay—The religiousatmosphere and the harmful associations—The effect of imprisonment | [258-270] |
| [CHAPTER VI] | |
| THE INEBRIATE HOME | |
| The need to find out why people do wrong before attempting to cure them—Enquiries as to inebriety—The inebriates—Officialutterances—Cost and results—The grievance of the unreformed—The time limit of cure—The causes of failure—Thefostering of old associations—The prospect of the future spree—The institution habit | [271-283] |
| [CHAPTER VII] | |
| THE PREVENTION OF CRIMES ACT (1908) | |
| The Borstal experiment—Provisions for the “reformation of young offenders”—Is any diminution in the numbers ofpolice expected?—Preventive detention—The implied confession that penal servitude does not reform and the insistenceon it as a preliminary to reform—The prisoner detained at the discretion of the prison officials—Thepowers of the Secretary of State—The change under the statute—The necessary ignorance of the Secretary of Stateby reason of his other duties—The “committees”—Thehabits to be taught—The teaching of trades—The ignorance of trades on the part of those who design to teachthem—The difficulty of teaching professions in institutions less than that of teaching trades—The vice of obediencetaught—Intelligent co-operation and senseless subordination—The military man in the industrial community | [284-303] |
| [CHAPTER VIII] | |
| THE FAMILY AS MODEL | |
| The basis of the family not necessarily a blood tie—Adoption—The head and the centre of the family—The feeling ofjoint responsibility—The black sheep—Companionship and sympathy necessities in life—Reform only possiblewhen these are found—“Conversion” only temporary in default of force of new interests—The one way in which reform is made permanent | [304-310] |
| [CHAPTER IX] | |
| ALTERNATIVES TO IMPRISONMENT | |
| What is required—The case of the minor offenders—The incidence of fines—The prevention of drunkenness—Clubs—Probationof offenders—Its partial application—Defects in its administration—The false position of the probationofficer—Guardians required—Case of young girl—The plea of want of power—Old and destitute offenders—Prison and poorhouse | [311-328] |
| [CHAPTER X] | |
| THE BETTER WAY | |
| The offender who has become reckless—If not killed they must be kept—The failure of the institution—Boardingout—At present they are boarded out on liberation, but without supervision—Guardians may be found when theyare sought for—The result of boarding out children—The insane boarded out—Unconditional liberation has failed—Conditionalliberation with suitable provision has not been tried—No system of dealing with men, but only a method—Nonecessity for the formation of the habitual offender—The one principle in penology | [329-339] |
| Index | [343-348] |
PART I
THE STUDY OF THE CRIMINAL
THE CRIMINAL & THE COMMUNITY
CHAPTER I
THE CRIMINAL AND THE CRIMINOLOGISTS
Classification of criminals—The treatment of the criminal not a medical but a social question—Technical differences between crimes and offences—Changes in the law—Vice and crime—The beginner in crime—Common characters of the “criminal class”—Atrocious crimes exceptional—So-called scientific studies of the criminal—How figures mislead—Composite photographs and averages—Estimate of character from physical examination—Causal relationship to crime of these characters.