| No | The Arabic and Turkish year. | Days | No | The ancient Grecian year. | Days | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Muharram | July 16 | 30 | 1 | Hecatombæon | June-July | 30 | |
| 2 | Saphar | August 15 | 29 | 2 | Metagitnion | July-Aug. | 29 | |
| 3 | Rabia I. | Septemb. 13 | 30 | 3 | Boedromion | Aug.-Sept. | 30 | |
| 4 | Rabia II. | October 13 | 29 | 4 | Pyanepsion | Sept.-Oct. | 29 | |
| 5 | Jomada I. | Novemb. 11 | 30 | 5 | Mæmacterion | Oct.-Nov. | 30 | |
| 6 | Jomada II. | Decemb. 11 | 29 | 6 | Posideon | Nov.-Dec. | 29 | |
| 7 | Rajab | January 9 | 30 | 7 | Gamelion | Dec.-Jan. | 30 | |
| 8 | Shasban | February 8 | 29 | 8 | Anthesterion | Jan.-Feb. | 29 | |
| 9 | Ramadan | March 9 | 30 | 9 | Elapheloblion | Feb.-Mar. | 30 | |
| 10 | Shawal | April 8 | 29 | 10 | Munichion | Mar.-Apr. | 29 | |
| 11 | Dulhaadah | May 7 | 30 | 11 | Thargelion | April-May | 30 | |
| 12 | Dulheggia | June 5 | 29 | 12 | Schirrophorion | May-June | 29 | |
| Days in the year | 354 | Days in the year | 354 | |||||
| The Arabians add 11 days at the end of every year, which keep the same months to the same seasons. | ||||||||
Weeks
416. A month is divided into four parts called Weeks, and a Week into seven parts called Days; so that in a Julian Year there are 13 such Months, or 52 Weeks, and one Day over. The Gentiles gave the names of the Sun, Moon, and Planets to the Days of the Week. To the first, the Name of the Sun; to the second, of the Moon; to the third, of Mars; to the fourth, of Mercury; to the fifth, of Jupiter; and to the sixth, of Saturn.
Days
417. A Day is either Natural or Artificial. The Natural Day contains 24 hours; the Artificial the time from Sun-rise to Sun-set. The Natural Day is either Astronomical or Civil. The Astronomical Day begins at Noon, because the increase and decrease of Days terminated by the Horizon are very unequal among themselves; which inequality is likewise augmented by the inconstancy of the horizontal Refractions § [183]: and therefore the Astronomer takes the Meridian for the limit of diurnal Revolutions; reckoning Noon, that is the instant when the Sun’s Center is on the Meridian, for the beginning of the Day. The British, French, Dutch, Germans, Spaniards, Portuguese, and Egyptians, begin the Civil Day at mid-night: the antient Greeks, Jews, Bohemians, Silesians, with the modern Italians, and Chinese, begin it at Sun-setting: And the antient Babylonians, Persians, Syrians, with the modern Greeks, at Sun-rising.
Hours
418. An Hour is a certain determinate part of the Day, and is either equal or unequal. An equal Hour is the 24th part of a mean natural Day, as shewn by well regulated Clocks and Watches; but those Hours are not quite equal as measured by the returns of the Sun to the Meridian, because of the obliquity of the Ecliptic and Sun’s unequal motion in it § [224-245]. Unequal Hours are those by which the Artificial Day is divided into twelve Parts, and the Night into as many.
Minutes, Seconds, Thirds, and Scruples.
419. An Hour is divided into 60 equal parts called Minutes, a minute into 60 equal parts called Seconds, and these again into 60 equal parts called Thirds. The Jews, Chaldeans, and Arabians, divide the Hour into 1080 equal parts called Scruples; which number contains 18 times 60, so that one minute contains 18 Scruples.
Cycles, of the Sun, Moon, and Indiction.