As a general rule, the sections or elevations of buildings, throughout the book, are drawn to a scale double that of the plans, viz., 50 feet to 1 inch, or 1⁄600 of the real dimensions; but, owing to the great size of many of them, it has been found impossible to carry out this in all instances: where it has not been effected the departure from the rule is always noted, either below the woodcut or in the text.
No lineal dimensions are quoted in the text except such as it is believed can be relied upon, and in all instances these are reduced to English feet. The superficial measures also in the text, like the plans, are quite sufficient for comparison, though not to be relied upon as absolutely correct. One great source of uncertainty as regards them is the difficulty of knowing at times what should be included in the building referred to. Should, for instance, the Lady Chapel at Ely be considered an integral part of the Cathedral, or the Chapter-house at Wells? Should the sacristies attached to Continental cathedrals be considered as part of the church? or such semi-detached towers as the south-western one at Bourges? What constitutes the temple at Karnac, and how much of this belongs to the Hypostyle Hall? These and fifty other questions occur in almost every instance which may lead two persons to very different conclusions regarding the superficial dimensions of a building, even without the errors inherent in imperfect materials.
When either the drawing from which the woodcut is taken was without a scale, or the scale given could not be depended upon, “No scale” has been put under the woodcut, to warn the reader of the fact. When the woodcut was either too large for the page, or too small to be distinct if reduced to the usual scale, a scale of feet has been added under it, to show that it is an exception to the rule.
Capitals, windows, and details which are meant to illustrate forms or construction, and not particular buildings, are drawn to any scale that seemed best to express the purpose for which they are inserted; when they are remarkable for size, or as individual examples, a scale has been added; but this is the exception, not the rule.
Every pain has been taken to secure the greatest possible amount of accuracy, and in all instances the sources from which the woodcuts have been taken are indicated. Many of the illustrations are from original drawings, and of buildings never before published.
CONTENTS OF VOL. I.
INTRODUCTION.
| Page | |
| Part I.—Section I. Introductory.—II. Beauty in Art.—III. Definition of Architecture.—IV. Mass.—V. Stability.—VI. Durability.—VII. Materials.—VIII. Construction.—IX. Forms.—X. Proportion.—XI. Carved Ornament.—XII. Decorative Colour.—XIII. Sculpture and Painting.—XIV. Uniformity—XV. Imitation of Nature.—XVI. Association.—XVII. New Style.—XVIII. Prospects | [3] |
| PART II.—ETHNOGRAPHY AS APPLIED TO ARCHITECTURAL ART. | |
| I. Introductory | [52] |
| II. Turanian Races—Religion, Government, Morals, Literature, Arts, and Sciences | [55] |
| III. Semitic Races—Religion, Government, Morals, Literature, Arts, and Sciences | [64] |
| IV. Celtic Races—Religion, Government Morals, Literature Arts, and Sciences | [70] |
| V. Aryan Races—Religion, Government, Morals, Literature, Arts, and Sciences | [75] |
| VI. Conclusion | [83] |
| PART I.—ANCIENT ARCHITECTURE. | |
| Introductory | [87] |
| Outline of Egyptian Chronology | [90] |
| BOOK I.—EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE. | |
| I. Introductory | [91] |
| II. The Pyramids and Contemporary Monuments—Tombs—Temples | [97] |
| III. First Theban Kingdom—The Labyrinth—Tombs—Shepherds | [110] |
| IV. Pharaonic Kingdom—Thebes—Rock-cut Tombs and Temples—Mammeisi—Tombs—Obelisks—Domestic Architecture | [118] |
| V. Greek and Roman Period—Decline of art—Temples at Denderah—Kalábsheh—Philæ | [139] |
| VI. Ethiopia—Kingdom of Meroë—Pyramids | [147] |
| BOOK II.—ASSYRIAN ARCHITECTURE. | |
| I. Introductory | [151] |
| II. Chaldean Temples | [157] |
| III. Assyrian Palaces—Wurka—Nineveh—Nimroud—Khorsabad—Palace of Sennacherib, Koyunjik—Palace of Esarhaddon—Temples and Tombs | [168] |
| IV. Persia—Pasargadæ—Persepolis—Susa—Fire Temples—Tombs | [194] |
| V. Invention of the Arch | [214] |
| VI. Judea—Temple of Jerusalem | [219] |
| VII. Asia Minor—Historical notice—Tombs at Smyrna—Doganlu—Lycian Tombs | [229] |
| BOOK III.—GRECIAN ARCHITECTURE. | |
| I. Greece—Historical notice—Pelasgic art—Tomb of Atreus—Other remains | [240] |
| II. Hellenic Greece—History Of the Orders—Doric Temples in Greece—Doric Temples in Sicily—Ionic Temples—Corinthian Temples—Dimensions of Greek Temples—Doric order—Ionic order—Corinthian order—Caryatides—Forms of temples—Mode of lighting temples—Temple of Diana at Ephesus—Municipal architecture—Theatres—Tombs—Cyrene | [251] |
| BOOK IV.—ETRUSCAN, ROMAN, PARTHIAN AND SASSANIAN ARCHITECTURE. | |
| I. Etruria—Historical notice—Temples—Rock-cut tombs—Tombs at Castel d’Asso—Tumuli—The arch | [289] |
| II. Rome—Introduction | [302] |
| III. Roman Architecture—Origin of style—The arch—Orders: Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, Composite—Temples—The Pantheon—Roman Temple at Athens—at Baalbec | [305] |
| IV. Basilicas, Theatres and Baths—Basilicas of Trajan and Maxentius—Provincial basilicas—Theatre at Orange—Colosseum—Provincial amphitheatres—Baths of Diocletian | [327] |
| V. Triumphal Arches, Tombs, and other Buildings—Arches at Rome; in France—Arches at Trèves—Pillars of Victory—Tombs—Minerva Medica—Provincial tombs—Eastern tombs—Domestic Architecture—Spalato—Pompeii—Bridges—Aqueducts | [347] |
| VI. Parthian and Sassanian Architecture—Historical notice—Palaces of Al Hadhr and Diarbekr—Domes—Serbistan—Firouzabad—Tâk Kesra—Palaces at Mashita—Rabbath Ammon, etc. | [389] |
| PART II.—CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE. | |
| BOOK I.—BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE. | |
| I. Introductory | [415] |
| II. Basilicas—Churches at Bethlehem, Jerusalem, and Thessalonica—Rectangular churches in Syria and Asia Minor, with wooden roofs and with stone vaults | [419] |
| III. Circular or Domical Buildings—Circular churches with wooden roofs and with true domes in Syria and Thessalonica—Churches of SS. Sergius and Bacchus and Sta. Sophia, Constantinople—Civic Architecture—Tombs | [432] |
| IV. Neo-Byzantine Style—Sta. Irene, Constantinople—Churches at Ancyra, Trabala, and Constantinople—Churches at Thessalonica and in Greece—Domestic Architecture | [453] |
| V. Armenia—Churches at Dighour, Usunlar, Pitzounda, Bedochwinta, Mokwi, Etchmiasdin, and Kouthais—Churches at Ani and Samthawis—Details | [466] |
| VI. Rock-cut Churches—Churches at Tchekerman, Inkerman, and Sebastopol—Excavations at Kieghart and Vardzie | [481] |
| VII. Mediæval Architecture of Russia—Churches at Kief—Novogorod—Moscow—Towers | [484] |
| BOOK II.—ITALY. | |
| I. Introductory—Division and Classification of the Mediæval Styles of Architecture in Italy | [500] |
| II. Early Christian Style—Basilicas at Rome—Basilica of St. Peter—St. Paul’s—Basilicas at Ravenna—St. Mark’s, Venice—Dalmatia and Istria—Torcello | [504] |
| III. Circular Romanesque Churches—Circular Churches—Tomb of Sta. Costanza—Churches at Perugia, Nocera, Ravenna, Milan—Secular buildings | [542] |
| IV. Lombard and Round-arched Gothic—Chapel at Friuli—Churches at Piacenza, Asti, and Novara—St. Michele, Pavia—St. Ambrogio, Milan—Cathedral, Piacenza—Churches at Verona—Churches at Toscanella—Circular Churches—Towers | [558] |
| V. Byzantine-Romanesque—Cathedral of Naples—San Miniato, Florence—Cathedrals of Pisa and Zara—Cathedrals of Troja, Bari, Bittonto—San Nicole, Bari—Cloisters of St. John Lateran—Baptistery of Mont St. Angelo—San Donato, Zara—Towers—Civic Architecture | [582] |
| VI. Pointed Italian Gothic—Fresco paintings—Churches at Vercelli, Asti, Verona, and Lucca—Cathedral at Siena—Sta. Maria, Florence—Church at Chiaravalle—St. Petronio, Bologna—Cathedral at Milan—Certosa, near Pavia—Duomo at Ferrara | [607] |