History of Indian and Eastern Architecture

by James Fergusson

INDEX.

[A], [B], [C], [D], [E], [F], [G], [H], [I], [J], [K], [L], [M], [N], [O], [P], [Q], [R], [S], [T], [U], [V], [W], [Y], [Z]

Abhayagiri dagoba, [192].
Abu, Mount, ancient Jaina temples on, [234].
Temple of Vimala Sah, [235-237].
Adinah mosque, Gaur, [547].
Afghanistan, topes at, [72].
Caves, [107].
Agra, [572].
The Taje Mehal, [596-599].
Akbar’s mosque, [602].
Ahmedabad, temple of Shet Huttising at, [257].
Style and character of the architecture, [527].
Aiwulli, old temple at, [218].
Plan, [219].
View, [220].
Ajmir, temple at, [263].
Mosque at, [510].
Plan, [512].
Great arch, [512].
Ajunta, rock-cut Tee at, [64].
Chaitya cave, [122].
View of interior, [123].
Cross-section, [123].
Plan, [124].
View of façade, [125].
Rock-cut dagoba, [126].
Caves at, [145], [146].
Viharas, [153-159].
Akbar, architectural glories of, [574-586].
Alexander the Great, pillars ascribed to, [56].
Allahabad, lât or pillar at, [53].
Palace at, [583].
Altumsh, tomb of, [509].
Amara Deva, temple erected by, [69].
Ambêr, palace at, [480].
Amoy, pailoo at, [702].
Amravati, tope at, [71], [72].
Rail at, [93], [99-101].
Dagoba, [102].
Amritsur, golden temple at, [468].
Amwah, Jaina temple at, [250].
View of porch, [251].
Ananda, temple at, Pagan, [615].
Andher, topes at, [65].
Andra dynasty, the, [20].
Anuradhapura, ancient capital of Ceylon, [188].
The sacred Bo-tree, [189].
Foundation and present state of the city, [188], [189].
Topes, dagobas, &c., [189-195].
Great Brazen Monastery, [195].
Pillars, [196].
The Maha vihara, [657].
Arch, objection of the Hindus to the, [210].
Indian examples, [211].
See Gateways.
Architecture, Buddhist, [44].
Stambhas, or lâts, [52-56].
Stupas, [57-60].
Topes, [60-83].
Rails, [84-104].
Chaitya halls, caves, [105-144].
Vihara caves, [144-168].
Gandhara monasteries, [169-184].
Ceylon, [185-206].
Architecture, Chalukyan, [386].
Temples [388-405].
Architecture, Civil: Dravidian, [380].
Northern, or Indo-Aryan, [470-475].
Architecture, domestic, in China, [702-710].
Architecture, Dravidian, [319].
Rock-cut temples, [326-339].
Raths, [328-330].
Kylas, [334].
Temples, [340].
Palaces, [381-385].
Architecture in the Himalayas, [279].
Kashmiri temples, [283-318].
Architecture, Indian Saracenic: Ghazni, [494-500].
Pathan, [498].
Delhi, [500], [510-514].
Later Pathan, [514-519].
Jaunpore, [520-525].
Gujerat, [526-539].
Malwa, [540-544].
Bengal, [545-551].
Kalburgah, [553-556].
Bijapur, [557-567].
Scinde, [567], [568].
Mogul, [569].
Wooden, [608-610].
Architecture, Further Indian: Burmah, [611-620].
Siam, [631-636].
Java, [637-662].
Cambodia, [663-684].
Architecture, Indo-Aryan, or Northern, [406].
Temples, [411-436].
Brahmanical rock-cut temples, [437-447].
Temples, [448-464].
Architecture, Jaina, [207].
Arches, [210-212].
Domes and roofing, [212-218].
Plans, [218-221].
Sikras, [221-225].
Northern: temples, [226-251].
Towers, [252-254].
Modern: Temples, [255-260].
Caves, [261], [262].
Converted mosques, [263].
Southern Indian: colossal statues, [267], [268].
Aryans, their migration into India, and position among the Brahmans, [9-11].
The dominant people before the rise of Buddhism, [48].
Asoka, Buddhist king, his connexion with Indian architecture, [47], [52].
His missionaries into Ceylon, [199].
His edicts at Girnar, [229].
His missionaries into Burmah, [612], see [61], [65].
Atala Musjid, the, [524].
Audience hall at Bijapur, [566].
Aurungabad, mosque at, [602].
Aurungzebe, [602].
His copy of the Taje Mehal, [602].
His burial-place, [603].
Ava, modern temple at, [659], note.
Avantipore, temples at, [291].
Fragment of pillar at, [292].
Ayodhya, [631].
Ayuthia, ancient capital of Siam, ruins of pagoda at, [632], [633].
Babylonia, architectural synonyms in Burmah, [618].
Ethnographical connexion, [630].
Badami, in Dharwar, Jaina cave, [261].
Dravidian and Indo-Aryan temples at, [411].
Contrast of style, [411].
Caves at, [439-441].
Plan and section, [444].
Bagh, cave at, [146].
Great vihara, [159].
Plan, [160].
Baillûr, in Mysore, great temple at, [393].
Plan, [395].
View of porch, [396].
View of pavilion, [397].
Baion, Cambodia, temples at, [679-681].
Bakeng, Mount, ruined temple at, [682].
Bancorah, Hindu temple at, [14].
Bangkok, Great Tower, [634].
Hall of audience, [635].
Barabar, Behar caves at, [108].
Baroach, mosque at, [537].
Barrolli, temple at, [449].
View and plan, [450].
Ornamented pillar, [451].
Bastian, Dr. Adolphe, Cambodian explorations of, [663].
Bayley, E. C., sculpture brought from Jamalgiri by, [169].
Bedsa, Chaitya cave, [112].
Plan and capital of pillar, [113].
View on verandah, [114].
Behar caves, [108].
Bengal, [138-144].
Benares, view and diagram of temples at, [412], [460].
View of balcony at the observatory, [481].
Bengal, caves, [138].
Its architecture and local individuality of its style, [491], [545].
Type of the modern roof, [546].
Bettu temples, [267].
Bhaja, Chaitya cave, plan, [110].
Façade, [111].
Bhaniyar, near Naoshera, temple at, [292].
View of court, [293].
Bharhut, rail at, [85-91].
Square and oblong cells, from a bas-relief at, [135].
Round temple and part of palace, [168].
Bhatgaon, Devi Bhowani temple at, [304].
Doorway of Durbar, [307].
Bhilsa Topes, [60-65].
Bhojpur, Topes at, [65].
Bhuvaneswar, great temple at, [420];
plan, [421];
view of, [422].
Great Tower, [423].
Raj Rani temple at, [424];
doorway in, [425].
Bijanagur, gateway, [211].
Bijapur, [557];
its architecture, [558].
Jumma Musjid at, [559].
Sections, [560].
Tomb of Ibrahim, [561].
Of Mahmûd, [562].
Ancient Hall, [566].
Bimeran, Tope at, [78].
Bindrabun, [462].
Plan of temple at, [463].
View, [464].
Balcony in temple, [465].
Bintonne, relic of Buddha at, [58].
Bombay, number of caves at, [107].
Boondi, palace at, [476].
Boro Buddor, Java, [643].
Plan, elevation, and section, [645].
Sections of domes, [646].
View of central entrance and stairs, [649].
Bo-tree, the sacred, [189].
Branch of it in Ceylon, [199].
At Buddh Gaya, [656].
Buddha La Monastery, Thibet, [312].
Bowlees or Reservoirs, use and architectural features of, [486].
Brahma, numerous images of, in Cambodia, [680].
Brahmanism, [323].
Brambanam, Java, group of temples at, [651].
Brazen Monastery, Anuradhapura, [195].
Buchropully, [388].
View of temple, [389].
Buddh Gaya, stupa, [69], [70].
Temple, [70].
Rail, [85].
Bas-relief from, [111].
The Sacred Tree, [199].
Buddha, period of his birth, [14].
Apportionment of his remains, [57-59].
Relic of, at Bintenne, [58].
Colossal statue of, [200], note.
His tooth, its sanctity, shrines, migrations, [58], [59], [161].
Relics of, at Rangûn, [622].
Buddhism, its founder, [15].
Secret of his success, [16].
Buddhist architecture, earliest traceable date, [48-50].
Religion dominated by it, [49].
Classification, [50].
Temple in China, [691].
Monastery at Pekin, [693].
See Architecture.
Bunds, or Dams, [486], [487].
Buribun, sculptures at, [682], note.
Burmah, architecture in, [611].
Thatún, [612].
Prome, [613].
Pagan, [614].
Circular dagobas, [619-626].
Monasteries, [626-630].
Non-use of mortar, [660].
Butwa, tomb at, [536].
Cabul, topes near, [72].
Cambay, Jumma Musjid at, [537].
Cambodia, M. Mouhot’s researches in, [663].
Labours of Dr. Bastian, [663];
of Mr. Thomson, [664];
of Captains Doudart de la Grée and Delaporte, [664].
Traditions, original immigrants, history, [665], [666].
Temple of Nakhon Wat, [666].
Temple of Baion, [679];
of Ongcor Thom, [680];
other temples, [681].
Civil architecture, [682].
Remarkable evidences of mechanical skill and civilization, [684].
Canara, stambhas at, [263].
Canouge, Jaina temple at, [263].
Mosque at, [525].
Canton, pailoo near, [700].
Canton river, “Second Bar Pagoda” on the, [696].
Capitals and columns, Tirhoot and Sankissa, [54].
Jamalgiri, [173], [176].
Caves, [106].
Geographical distribution of, [107].
Ajunta, [122], [127], [153].
Badami, [439].
Bagh, [146], [159].
Barabar, [108].
Bedsa, [112].
Behar, [108].
Bengal, [138-144].
Bhaja, [110].
Dhumnar, [131].
Ellora, [127].
Junir, [166].
Karli, [116].
Kenheri, [129].
Kholvi, [132].
Salsette, [161].
Satapanni, [108].
Mode of ornamentation, [133].
Cenotaphs, [470-475].
Ceylon: Buddhist relics in, [58].
Its ancient architecture, [185-206].
See Anuradhapura.
Chaitya Halls: Buddhist temples, [105].
Examples, [109-132].
See Caves.
Chalukyans, the, [386].
Early identity of the Jains with the, [387].
Peculiarity of their style, [387].
See Architecture.
Chandragupta, the Sandrocottus of the Greeks, [17].
Chandravati, pillars at, [238].
Temple or porch, [448].
Plan, [449].
Cheras, territory occupied by the, [322].
Chillambaram, temple at, [350].
Plan, [351].
Porch of hall, [353].
Section of porch, [353].
View of ruined temple, or pagoda, [354].
China, deficiency of information, [685].
Point of divergence between its people and the Egyptians, [686].
Causes of the absence of certain classes of buildings, [686-688].
Pagodas: Temple of the Great Dragon, [689].
Buddhist temples, [691].
Taas, or towers, [695].
Tombs, [698].
Pailoos, [700].
Domestic architecture, [702-710].
Chittore, diagram of Meera Baie’s temple at, [458].
Temple of Vriji, [459].
Palace of Bhîm and Pudmandi, [476].
Chola, region forming the kingdom of, [322].
Choultrie, Tirumulla Nayak’s, [361].
Chuttries, or Cenotaphs, [470].
Civil Architecture, [470].
Cambodia, [682].
China, [702].
Cole, Lieut., explorations in Kashmir, [280].
Colombo, Hindu temple at, [332].
Combaconum, [367].
Gopura or gate pyramid at, [368].
Confucius, temples of, [689].
Conjeveram, temples and hall, [369].
Court, M., Topes opened by, [79].
Cowie, Rev. A., Kashmirian explorations of, [280].
Crystal Palace, Sydenham, Gill’s copies of Indian frescoes, [158], note.
Sculptures, [169].
Cunningham, Gen., Eastern Archæological explorations of, [54], et seqq.
Cuttack, caves at, [140], [143].
Nine-storeyed palace, [433].
Hindu bridge at, [434].
Dagobas: Amravati, [102].
Rock-cut, at Ajunta, [126].
Anuradhapura, [190-196].
Circular, of Burmah, [619].
Kong Madú, [619].
Shoëmadu, [621].
Rangûn, [623].
Mengûn, [624-626].
Dams, or bunds, [486-487].
Darunta, Jelalabad, topes at, [77].
Das Avatar, Buddhist vihara, Ellora, [165].
Dasyus, the slave people, [12].
Their architecture, [13].
Deeg, garden palace of, [481].
Hall, [482].
View from the Central Pavilion, [483].
Deepdans, or lamp pillars in the East, [336], [337].
Dehrwarra vihara, Ellora, plan of, [163].
Delai Lama, worship paid to him, [312].
Delaporte, Captain, explorations in Cambodia, [664].
Delhi, Lât at, [52].
Jaina Temple, [259].
Palace, [591].
Plan, [592].
Jumma Musjid, [601].
Delhi, Old, section, arches, and minar of the Kutub, [503-509].
Iron pillar, [507].
Interior of tomb, [509].
View of tomb, [516].
Pendentive from mosque, [519].
Deriah Doulut, the pavilion of, at Seringapatam, [604].
Dhar, mosque at, [540].
Dharwar, deepdans in, [337].
Brahmanical rock-cut temples, [437].
Dhumnar, caves at, [131], [162].
Dhumnar Lena, Ellora, Rock-cut temple at, [445].
Plan, [446].
Diggu Hublum, unfinished Mantapa at, [378].
Dimapur, monoliths at, [309].
Djeing Plateau, Java, group of small temples at, [659].
Do Tal, or Dookya Ghur, Ellora, a Buddhist vihara, [165].
Dolka, mosque at, [537].
Domes: Hindu, [212].
Indian Saracenic, [560].
Constructive diagram, [565];
Boro Buddor, [616].
Domestic architecture, Chinese, [702].
Doorways: Nepal, [305].
Hammoncondah, [390].
Bhuvaneswar, [425].
Doudart de la Grée, Captain, explorations in Cambodia, [664].
Dravidian style, [319].
Its extent, [319].
Historical notice, [320].
Religious, [323].
See Architecture.
Dravidians, the, [11].
Durbar, Bhatgaon, doorway of, [307].
Duttiah, palace at, [477].
Elaala, so-called tomb of, [189].
Ellora, caves at, [127].
Viharas, [163].
Indra Subha Cave, [262].
Kylas at, [334-337].
Dhumnar Lena Cave, [445].
Erun, lâts at, [55].
Pillar, [317].
Façades: Behar, [109], [111].
Burmah, [627].
Feroze Shah, lât rebuilt by, [52].
Futtehpore Sikri, [578].
Carved pillars in, [579].
Mosque at, [580].
Southern gateway, [581].
Gal Vihara sculptures, [200].
Ganesa Cave, Cuttack, [140].

Pillar in, [140].
Gandhara Topes, [72-76].
Monasteries, [169-184].
Ganges, the, and its ghâts, [484].
Gate-pyramid at Combaconum, [368].
Gateways or Torans, [95].
Sanchi, [96].
Bijanagur, [211].
Jaunpore, [522].
Gaur, [550].
Futtehpore Sikri, [581].
Pekin, [693].
Gaudapalen, temple at, Pagan, [617].
Gaur, peculiar form of roof in, [545], [546].
Mosques, [547];
their defects, [549].
Ancient Minar, [550].
Gateways, [550].
Gautamiputra Cave, Nassick, rail at, [94].
Pillar in, [150].
Ghâts, or landing-places, [484].
Ghoosla, Benares, [485].
Ghazni, buildings of Mahmúd and his nobles, [494].
Minar at, [495].
Ornaments from the tomb of Mahmúd at, [496].
Ghoosla Ghât, the, Benares, [485].
Gill, Major, Oriental drawings by, [158], note.
Girnar, the Hill of, shrine of the Jains, [228].
Temple of Neminatha, [230].
Gopal Gunge, temple at, [467].
Gopura at Combaconum, [368].
Gualior, temple at, [244].
Teli ka Mandir temple, [452].
View, [453].
Temple of Scindiah’s mother, [461].
View, [462].
Palace, [479].
Tomb of Mahommad Ghaus, [576].
View, [577].
Gujerat, [526].
Historical account, [526], [527].
Gurusankerry, pavilion at, [274].
Stambha, [276].
Gyraspore, temple at, [249].
Hammoncondah, Metropolitan temple of, [389].
View of great doorway, [390].
Himalayas, the, architecture in, [279].
Hindu temple at Bancorah, [14]
Hiouen Thsang at Amravati, [103];
at Assam, [310].
Honan, China, Buddhist temple at, [691].
Hullabîd, in Mysore, temple at, [397].
The Kait Iswara, [398].
Plan, [399].
Restored view of the temple, [400].
Its varied design, [401].
View of central pavilion, [402].
Succession of animal friezes, [403].
Humayun Shah, tomb of, at Old Delhi, [575].
Ibrahim Shah, Mosque of, at Bijapur, [559].
Imambara, the, at Lucknow, [605].
Immigrations, [25].
India, Northern, inducements to the study of its architecture, [4].
Its history, [6-29].
India, Southern, unsatisfactory records, [29].
Sculptures, [32].
Mythology, [35].
Statistics, [42].
India, Western, its architecture, [437-447].
India, Central and Northern, [448].
India, Further, [611-684].
Indian Saracenic style, [489].
Divisions of styles and their boundaries, [491-493].
See Architecture.
Indo-Aryan or Northern style, [406].
Reasons for the term, [406].
See Architecture.
Iron pillar at Kutub, [507].
Jaina Architecture, [207].
Identical with Buddhist, [207].
Region dominated by its style, [208].
See Architecture.
Jajepur on the Byturni, pillar at, [432].
Jamalgiri, plan of monastery at, [171].
Corinthian capitals from, [173].
Jarasandha Ka Baithak tope, [68].
Jaunpore, style adopted at, [520].
Plan and view of the Jumma Musjid, [522].
The Lall Durwaza Mosque, [523].
The Atala Musjid, [524].
Tombs and shrines, [525].
Java, [637].
Its history, [640].
Boro Buddor, [643-650].
Mendoet, [650].
Brambanam, [651].
Tree and Serpent temples, [653-659].
Djeing plateau, [659].
Suku, [660].
Jehangir, desecration of his tomb, [587].
Jelalabad topes, [77], [79].
Jinjûwarra, gateway, [211].
Juganât, temple of, [430].
Tower, [431].
Jumma Musjid, Jaunpore, [521].
Section and view, [522].
Ahmedabad, [527].
Plan and elevation, [528].
Malwa, [541].
Plan, [542].
Courtyard, [543].
Junaghur, tomb of the late Nawab of, [606].
Junir, caves at, [167].
Plan and section of circular, [167].
Kait Iswara, temple at Hullabîd, [397].
View, [398].
Kakusanda, one of the Buddhas, discovery of a relic of, [622].
Kalburgah, [552].
Mosque, [553].
Plan, [554].
Half elevation and view, [555].
Kallian, in Bombay harbour, Ambernath temple, [457].
Kanaruc, Orissa, Black Pagoda at, [221].
Restored elevation, [222].
Diagram, plan and section, [223].
History, [426].
Kangra, [314].
See Kote.
Kantonuggur, [465].
View, [467].
Kanwa dynasty, [19].
Kârkala, colossal statue at, [268].
Karli, cave at, [55], [116].
Section and plan, [117].
View of exterior, [118].
View of interior, [120].
Lion-pillar, [121].
Karna Chopar Cave, [108].
Kasachiel, temple of Bouddhama at, [302].
Kashmir, its architecture, [279].
Writers thereon, [280].
Peculiar form of temples and pillars, [283].
Starting-point of its architectural history, [285].
Temple of Marttand, [285-291].
Other examples, [292-297].
The ‘Raja Tarangini,’ or native history, [297].
Kasyapa, one of the Buddhas, discovery of a relic of, [622].
Kenheri Cave, the Great, near Bombay, [129].
View of rail in front, [130].
Keseriah, Tirhoot, capital of, lât at, [71].
Khajurâho, temples at, [245-248], [452].
Kandarya Mahadeo, temple at, [454].
View, [455].
Plan, [456].
Kholvi, caves at, [132], [162].
Kioums, Burmese, [628].
Kiragrama, [314].
See Kote Kangra.
Kirti Stambha at Worangul, [392].
Konagamma, one of the Buddhas, relic of, [622].
Kondooty, near Bombay, chaitya cave, [108], note.
Kong Madú Dagoba, details of the, [619].
View, [620].
Kosthakar, or Nepalese temple, [303].
Kote Kangra, temples, [313].
View of temple at Kiragrama, near, [314].
Kûmûlûlû, rock-cut temple at, [339].
Kutub, the, Old Delhi, [503].
Section of colonnade at, [503].
Central range of arches, [504].
Minar, [505], [506].
Iron pillar at, [507].
Kylas at Ellora, [334-337].
Pillar in, [443].
Lahore, Jehangir’s buildings at, [587].
Lall Durwaza Mosque, Jaunpore, [523].
Lassa, monastery of Bouddha La at, [312].
Lâts, or Buddhist inscription-pillars, [52].
Examples, [53], [54].
Lomas Rishi, Behar cave, [108].
Façade and plan, [109].
Lucknow, the Imambara at, [605].
Macao, temple at, [694].
Mackenzie, Col., Indian researches and drawings by, [638].
Madras, temple on the hill of Tripetty at, [378], note.
Prevailing style in the presidency of, [385].
Mádura, Perumal pagoda at, [331].
Plan of Tirumulla Nayak’s choultrie, [361].
Pillar in, [361].
View of the hall, [363].
Great temple, [364].
The Jumbúkeswara temple, [365].
Maha vihara, the, Anuradhapura, [657].
Mahavellipore, raths of, [134], [175], [326], [330].
Pavilion at, [274].
Tiger cave at Saluvan Kuppan, [333].
Mahawanso, or Buddhist history of Ceylon, accounts of Oriental structures in the, [58], [185], [189], [195], [196], [612].
Maheswar, ghât at, [485].
Mahmúd Begurra, tomb of, near Kaira, [538].
Mahmúd of Ghazni, temple of Somnath destroyed by, [494].
Mahomedanism, migration into, and dealings with the architecture of India, [380], [526], [527].
Malwa, [540].
See Mandú.
Mandalé, monastery at, [629].
Mandú, capital of Malwa, [540].
The Jumma Musjid, [541].
Palace, [543].
Manikyala topes, [79-83].
Relic casket, [80].
Marttand, temple of, [285].
Plan, [286].
View, [287].
Central cell of court, [288].
Date, [289].
Niche with Naga figure, [290].
Soffit of arch, [291].
Masson, Mr., exploration of the Jelalabad topes by, [77-79].
Matjanpontih, serpent-temple at, [659].
Maurya dynasty, [17].
Mechanical skill of the Cambodians, [684].
Mehturi Mehal, “the Gate of the Sweeper,” [567].
Mendoet, Java, temple at, [650].
Mengûn, circular pagoda at, [624].
View, [625].
Michie, Mr. A., information derived from, [689], note.
Milkmaid’s Cave, Behar, [109].
Minars and minarets: Surkh and Chakri, Cabul, [56].
Ghazni, [495].
Kutub, [505].
Gaur, [550].
Mirzapore, Queen’s mosque at, [529].
Moggalana, relic casket of, [62].
Mogul architecture, [569].
Originality of the buildings, [569].
Works of Shere Shah, [572].
Akbar, [574-586].
Jehangir, [587-589].
Shah Jehan, [589].
Aurungzebe, [602-604].
Oude and Mysore, [604-607].
Mohammad Ghaus, tomb of, at Gualior, [576].
View, [577].
Monasteries, or viharas, [133].
Gandhara, [169].
Burmese, [626-630].
Thibetan, [312].
Pekin, [693].
Monoliths at Dimapur, [309].
Moodbidri, Jaina temple at, [271], [272].
Pillar, [273].
Tomb of priests, [275].
Mooháfiz Khan, mosque of, [532].
Mortar, non-users of, [660].
Mosques: Adinah, [549].
Agra, [596].
Ahmedabad, [527].
Ajmir, [511].
Baroach, [537].
Bijapur, [559].
Cambay, [537].
Canouge, [525].
Delhi, [601].
Dhar, [540].
Dolka, [537].
Futtehpore, [581].
Gaur, [547].
Kala Musjid, [518].
Kalburgah, [553].
Kashmir, [609].
Kutub Minar (Old Delhi), [501].
Jaunpore, [521].
Mandu, [543].
Mirzapore, [529].
Mooháfiz Khan, [532].
Sirkej, [531].
Mosques, converted, [263], [264].
Mouhot, M., researches in Cambodia, [663].
Muktagiri, Jaina temples at, [240].
Mukteswara, Orissa, temple of, [419].
Mûlot in the Salt Range, temple at, [296].
Mûti Musjid, the, or pearl mosque, [599].
View in courtyard, [600].
Muttra, rail at, [91].
Mysore, [392], [604].
Mythology of the Hindus, [35-42].
Nagas, or Snake worshippers, [10].
Head-quarters, [297].
See Kashmir, Cambodia, Nakhon Wat, Ongcor Thom.
Nahapana vihara, Nassick, [149].
Pillar in, [150].
Nakhon Thom (the Great City), Cambodia, [666].
Nakhon Wat (Cambodian temple), its grand dimensions, [667].
Plan, [668].
Uncemented masonry, [669].
Elevation, [670].
Corridors, [671], [672].
General view, [675].
Pillars, [676], [677].
Multiplicity of snake-sculptures, [677].
Nankau Pass, archway in, near the Great Wall, China, [709].
Nankin, porcelain tower at, [695].
Nassick, chaitya cave at, [115].
Nat-mandir, or dancing-hall at Bhuvaneswar, [423].
Neminatha, Girnar, temple of, [230].
Nepal, [298].
Its architecture, [299].
History, [300-302].
Stupas or chaityas, [302].
Kosthakar, [303].
Temples, [304-318].
Nigope Behar cave, [108].
Ongcor Thom, temple of, [679].
Tower and sculptured masks, and tradition relating thereto, [680].
Palaces and public buildings, [682].
Orissa, fragment of a column from a temple in, [317].
History, [415].
Architecture, [417].
Earliest authentic building, [417].
Temples, [418-420].
Ornament, honeysuckle, at Allahabad, [53].
From the tomb of Mahmúd at Ghazni, [496].
Oudeypore, cenotaph of Singram Sing, [471].
In Maha Sâti at, [473].
Ourtcha, Bundelcund, palace at, [478].
Pagan, ruins of, [614].
Ananda temple, [615].
Thapinya, plan, [615].
Section, [616].
Temple of Gaudapalen and Sem Byo Koo, [617].
Pagodas, Hindu, [221], [344].
Burmese, [619-626].
Siamese, [632].
Chinese, [697].
Pailoos, or “Triumphal Gateways” of the Chinese, [700].
Near Canton, [701].
At Amoy, [702].
Palaces, [475].
Allahabad, [583].
Ambêr, [480].
Chittore, [476].
Deeg, [481].
Delhi, [591].
Duttiah, [477].
Gualior, [479].
Ourtcha, [478].
Pekin, [705].
Palitana, the Sacred Hill of Sutrunjya, near, [227].
Panataram, three-storeyed temple at, [654].
View, [655].
Serpent temple, [658].
Pandrethan, temple at, [294].
Pandyas, the, [321].
Parasurameswara, Orissa, temple of, [418].
Parisnath, [239].
Patan, temple of Mahadeo and Krishna, [306].
Paten ta Prohm, Cambodia, character of the buildings of, [667].
Temple, [681].
Pathan style, [498-513].
Later Pathan, [514-519].
Pathans, the, [498].
Historical summary, [498].
Their architectural glories and career, [499].
Examples, [503-519].
See Delhi.
Pavilions: Ceylon, [167].
Gurusankerry, [274].
Baillûr, [397].
Vijayanagar, [385].
Hullabîd, [403].
Sirkej, [532].
Pekin, [705].
Payech, Kashmiri temple at, [294].
View, [295].
Pegu, Shoëmadu pagoda at, [620].
Pekin, temple of Confucius, [689].
Temple of the Great Dragon, [689].
Gateway of monastery, [698].
Tombs, [700].
Summer palace, [705].
Winter palace, [707].
Pemiongchi, Nepal, porch of temple at, [313].
View, [314].
Pendants to domes, [216].
At Vimala Sah, [237].
Pendentive from mosque at Old Delhi, [519].
Bijapur, [564].
Peroor, near Coimbatore, date of porch, [370].
Compound pillar at, [372].
Perumal pagoda, Mádura, [331].
Pillars: Ajunta, [156].
Amravati, [101].
Avantipore, [293].
Barrolli, [451].
Ceylon, [196].
Chandravati, [238].
Cuttack, [140].
Delhi, [507].
Ellora, [443].
Erun, [317].
Futtehpore Sikri, [579].
Gautamiputra, [150].
Jajepur, [432].
Kashmir, [283].
Mádura, [361].
Moodbidri, [273].
Nahapana, [150].
Peroor, [372].
Srinagar, [284].
Vellore, [372].

Yadnya Sri, [152].
Pittadkul, plan of temple at, [221].
Temple of Papanatha at, [437].
View, [438].
Pollonarua, Ceylon, [199].
Extent and epoch of its temples, [200].
Examples, [201-203].
Poonah, Saiva temple near, [447].
Porches: Anwah, [251].
Chillambaram, [351].
Delhi, [259].
Jaina, [216].
Prome, early capital of Burmah, [613].
Provincial building, Gujerat, [537-539].
Puri, [428].
Plan of Juganât, temple at, [430].
View of tower, [431].
Purudkul, or Pittadkul, great temple of, [338].
Queen’s mosque, Mirzapore, [529].
Raffles, Sir Stamford, [638].
Rails: Amravati, [93].
Bharhut, [86].
Buddh Gaya, [85].
Dhumnar, [131].
Gautamiputra, [94].
Kenheri, [130].
Kholvi, [132].
Muttra, [91].
Sanchi, [92].
‘Raja Tarangini,’ the, or native History of Kashmir, [289], [297].
Rajputana, bund of, [486].
Rajsamundra, bund of Lake, [487].
Ramisseram, great temple at, [355].
Plan, [356].
Its dimensions, [357].
Corridors, [358].
View of central corridor, [358].
Rangûn, the Shoëdagong pagoda at, [622].
View, [623].
Rani Gumpha cave, the, [140].
Rath at Mahavellipore, [134], [175], [326], [328].
Relic worship, Buddhist, origin of, [57].
Distribution and depositaries of the relics, [58], [59], [66], [189], [195].
Discoveries of, [622].
Reservoirs, or bowlees, scope for architectural display in, [486].
Roads and bridges of the Cambodians, [683].
Rock-cut temples, [437-447].
Roofing, diagrams, [213-215].
Modern curved style, [546].
Chinese, [703].
Ruanwelli dagoba, Anuradhapura, [190], [191].
Sadri, Khumbo Rana’s temple at, [240].
View, [241].
External view, beauty of details, &c., [242].
Saftar Jung, tomb of, near the Kutub, [604].
Sakya Muni, founder of Buddhism, [15].
His early life and subsequent self-mortification, [15].
Result of his appeal to his countrymen, [16].
Salsette, Durbar cave at, [147].
Kenheri caves, [161].
Saluvan Kuppan Tiger Cave, [333].
Sanchi, great tope, [61], [63].
View, plan, section, and details, [63].
Rails at, [92], [93].
Gateways, [95-97].
Small tope, [98].
Torans, [99].
Chaitya hall, [105].
Sankissa, capital of a lât at, [54].
Sariputra, relic-casket of, [62].
Sarnath, tope at, [65-68].
Vihara, [173].
Satapanni cave, [108].
Satdhara topes, [64].
Sat Ghurba cave, [108].
Scinde, tombs in, [567].
Sculptures, [32-35].
In the Gandhara monasteries, [176], [177].
Secundra, Akbar’s tomb at, [583].
Plan, [584].
Diagram section, [585].
View, [586].
Seringham, pillared hall at, [347].
View of temple, [349].
Serpent temples, [653].
Serpent-worship, [266].
Shah Dehri, plan of Ionic monastery at, [176].
Ionic pillar, [176].
Shah Hamadan, mosque of, Srinugger, [608].
Shah Jehan, [589].
Palace at Delhi, [591].
Taje Mehal, [595].
The Mûti Musjid, [599].
Shepree, near Gualior, Pathan tomb at, [515].
Shere Shah, works of, [572].
Tomb, [573].
Shoëdagong Pagoda at Rangûn, [622].
Shoëmadu, Pegu, the Great Pagoda at, [620].
View and plan, [621].
Siam, early and present capitals, [631].
Ayuthia, [632].
Bangkok, [634].
Sikras, or Vimanas, [221-225].
Sirkej, tombs and mosque at, [531].
Pavilion, [532].
Sisunaga dynasty, [14].
Siva, serpent of, [41], note.
Snake sculptures, [676], [677].
Somnath, Girnar, temple, [232].
Somnathpûr in Mysore, temple at, [393].
View, [394].
Sonaghur, Bundelcund, Jaina temple at, [256].
Sonari topes, [64].
Soubramanya, temple at Tanjore, [345].
Sravana Belgula, colossal statue at, [267].
Bastis, [269].
View, [270].
Sri Allat, tower of, at Chittore, [251].
View, [252].
Srinagar, Kashmir, pillar at, [284].
Srinugger, Jumma Musjid at, [608].
Shah Hamadan Mosque, [608].
View, [609].
Stambhas, [52].
At Gurusankerry, [276].
They illustrate the rise and progress of Indian architecture, [277].
See Lâts.
Statues: Seperawa, [200].
Sravana Belgula, [267].
Kârkala, [268].
Yannûr, [268].
St. Stephen’s, Walbrook, resemblance to Hindu plans, [218].
Stupas, or Topes, [57].
See Topes.
Stupas, or Chaityas, Nepal, [302].
Sudama, or Nigope Cave, [108].
Suku, Java, group of temples, [660].
Their likeness to contemporary edifices in Yucatan and Mexico, [661].
Sultangunge, near Monghyr, vihara at, [137].
Sultanpore, tope at, [78].
Small model found in the tope, [126].
Sunga dynasty, [19].
Surkh Minar, Cabul, [56].
Swayambunath, Nepal, temple, [302].
Taas of the Chinese, [695].
Taje Mehal, the, [595].
View, [596].
Plan and section, [597].
Details, inlayings of precious stones, &c., [598].
Takht-i-Bahi, plan of monastery at, [171].
Takt-i-Suleiman, Kashmir, Hindu temple at, [282].
Tanjore, diagram plan of pagoda at, [343].
View of Great Pagoda, [344].
Temple of Soubramanya, [345].
Tarputry, temples at, [375].
Views of gopura, [376], [377].
Tassiding, doorway of Nepalese temple at, [313].
Tatta, tomb of Nawab Amir Khan near, [568].
Teen Tal, a Buddhist vihara, at Ellora, [165].
Tees in rock-cut temples, [64].
At Ajunta, [64].
Tejpala and Vastupala, triple temple at, Girnar, [232].
Temples: Abu, [234].
Ahmedabad, [257].
Aiwulli, [218].
Ajmir, [263].
Amritsur, [468].
Amwah, [250].
Avantipore, [292].
Badami, [411].
Baillûr, [393].
Bakeng (Mount), [682].
Bancorah, [14].
Barrolli, [449].
Benares, [412], [459].
Bhanghur, [250].
Bhaniyar, [292].
Bharput, [168].
Bhatgaon, [304].
Bhuvaneswar, [418].
Bindrabun, [464].
Boro Buddor, [643].
Brambanam, [651].
Buchropully, [389].
Cambodia, [666].
Canouge, [263].
Chandravati, [448].
Chillambaram, [350].
Chinese, [689], [694].
Chittore, [459].
Colombo, [332].
Combaconum, [367].
Delhi, [259].
Djeing Plateau, [659].
Gaudapalen, [617].
Girnar, [230].
Gualior, [244], [453], [462].
Gyraspore, [249].
Hammoncondah, [390].
Hullabîd, [397].
Java, [650].
Kanaruc, [426].
Kantonuggur, [467].
Khajurâho, [245], [455].
Kiragrama, [316].
Mádura, [359].
Marttand, [285].
Mendoet, [650].
Moodbidri, [271].
Mûlot, [297].
Nepal, [302].
Pagan, [615].
Pandrethan, [294].
Patan, [306].
Payech, [295].
Pemiongchi, [314].
Pittadkul, [221], [438].
Poonah, [446].
Puri (Juganât), [431].
Ramisseram, [355].
Sadri, [240].
Seringham, [347].
Sonaghur, [256].
Somnathpûr, [394].
Sravana Belgula, [270].
Suku, [660].
Tanjore, [344].
Tassiding, [313].
Tinnevelly, [366].
Tiruvalur, [346].
Udaipur, [457].
Vellore, [371].
Vijayanagar, [375].
Tennent, Sir Emerson, works on Ceylon by, [185], [200].
Thapinya, temple of, at Pagan, [615].
Section, [616].
Thatún, pagoda at, [613].
Thibet, exclusion of travellers, number and character of its monasteries, [311].
The Delai Lama, and the worship paid to him, [312].
See Nepal.
Thomson, Mr. J., his photographs of the Great Temple of Nakhon Wat, [671], [672], [675-677].
Thuparamaya Tope, Buddhist relic-shrine, [192].
Tiger-cave at Cuttack, [143].
At Saluvan Kuppan, [333].
Tinnevelly, temple at, [366].
Dimensions, details, &c., [367].
Tirhoot, lâts, or inscribed pillars at, [53].
Capital, [54].
Tirthankars, Jaina Saints, [208], [331].
Tirumulla Nayak’s choultrie, [361].
Dimensions, cost, and ornamentation, [362].
View, [363].
Tombs: Bijapur, [561].
Butwa, [536].
Chinese, [698].
Delhi (Old), [509], [516].
Gualior, [577].
Gujerat, [534].
Lucknow, [606].
Moodbidri, [275].
Secundra, [584].
Shepree, near Gualior, [515].
Sirkej, [531].
Tatta, [568].
Tooth of Buddha, its sanctity, shrines, migrations, &c., [58], [59], [161].
Topes or stupas of the Buddhists, their form and purpose, [58].
Bhilsa group, [61].
Example at Sanchi, [63].
Invariable accompaniments to these structures, [64].
Sarnath and Behar, [66-68].
The Jarasandha Ka Baithak, [68], [69].
Buddh Gaya, [69], [70].
Amravati, [71], [72].
Gandhara, [72-76].
Jelalabad group, [77].
Bimeran, [78].
Sultanpore, [78].
Manikyala, [79-83].
Torans, [95].
See Gateways.
Towers: Bangkok, [653].
Chittore, [253].
Nankin, [695].
Ongcor Thom, [680].
Tree and Serpent temples, [653].
Tree-worship, [266].
Trisul emblem at Amravati, [104].
Tung Chow pagoda, [697].
Udaipur, temple at, [456].
View, [457].
Udayagiri, Cuttack, caves at, [138].
Ujjain dynasty, [22].
Ulwar, tomb of Rajah Baktawar at, [474].
Umbrella ornaments on topes, [64], [80], [125], [126].
Vellore, near Coimbatore, [370].
View of portico of temple, [371].
Compound pillar, [372].
Ventura, General, topes opened by, [79], [81].
Victory, Tower of, at Chittore, [253].
Vigne’s travels in Kashmir, [280].
Viharas, or monasteries, [133].
Diagram, [134].
Nalanda, [136].
Sultangunge, [137].
Sarnath, [137].
Viharas, [144-147].
Nassick, [147-151].
Ajunta, [153-159].
Bagh, [159], [160].
Ellora, [163].
Vijayanagar, [373].
Destroyed by the Mahomedans, [374].
View of temple of Vitoba at, [375].
Garden pavilion, [384].
Palace, [385].
Vimala Sah, temple of, [235].
Vimanas, or Sikras, [221-225].
Vishveshwar temple, Benares, [459].
View, [460].
Viswakarma Cave, Ellora, [128].
Vitoba, temple of, at Vijayanagar, [375].
Wall, Great, in China, [708].
Waniyat, Kashmir, group of temples at, [293].
Well-holes in temples, [654], [656].
Window at Ahmedabad, [533].
Wooden architecture, Kashmir, [608].
Mosques at Srinugger, [608].
Wooden temples, similarity to the wooden architecture of Sweden and Norway, [308].
Worangul, Kirti Stambhas in, [391].
View, [392].
Yadnya Sri cave, Nassick, [151].
Pillar in, [152].
Yannûr, colossal statue at, [268].
Zein-ul-ab-ud-dín, tomb of, [281].

FOOTNOTES:

[1] ‘History of Architecture in all Countries.’ 2nd ed. Murray, 1867.

[2] ‘History of Architecture,’ vol. ii. pp. 445-756, Woodcuts 966-1163.

[3] A distinguished German professor, Herr Kinkel of Zürich, in his ‘Mosaik zur Kunstgeschichte, Berlin, 1876,’ has lately adopted my views with regard to the age of Stonehenge without any reservation, though arriving at that conclusion by a very different chain of reasoning from that I was led to adopt.

[4] The following brief résumé of the principal events in the ancient history of India has no pretensions to being a complete or exhaustive view of the subject. It is intended only as such a popular sketch as shall enable the general reader to grasp the main features of the story to such an extent as may enable him to understand what follows. In order to make it readable, all references and all proofs of disputed facts have been postponed. They will be found in the body of the work, where they are more appropriate, and the data on which the principal disputed dates are fixed will be found in an Appendix especially devoted to their discussion. Unfortunately no book exists to which the reader could with advantage be referred; and without some such introductory notice of the political history and ethnography the artistic history would be nearly, if not wholly, unintelligible.