[1388] G. K. N[iemann], “Bijdrage tot de Kennis van den Godsdienst der Bataks,” Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indië, iii. Serie, iv. (1870) pp. 289 sq.; B. Hagen, “Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Battareligion,” Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde, xxviii. 537 sq.; G. A. Wilken, “Het animisme,” De Indische Gids, July 1884, p. 85; id., Handleiding voor de vergelijkende Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië (Leyden, 1893), pp. 369 sq., 612; J. Freiherr von Brenner, Besuch bei den Kannibalen Sumatras (Würzburg, 1894), pp. 340.
[1389] W. Marsden, History of Sumatra (London, 1811), pp. 376 sq.
[1390] A. C. Kruijt, “Van Paloppo naar Posso,” Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap, xlii. (1898) p. 22.
[1391] F. Valentyn, Oud en nieuw Oost-Indiën, iii. 7 sq.
[1392] J. Boot, “Korte schets der noordkust van Ceram,” Tijdschrift van het Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap, Tweede Serie, x. (1893) pp. 1198 sq.
[1393] Sangermano, Description of the Burmese Empire (reprinted at Rangoon, 1885), pp. 63 sq.
[1394] E. Aymonier, Le Cambodge, ii. (Paris, 1901) p. 25.
[1395] E. Young, The Kingdom of the Yellow Robe (Westminster, 1898), pp. 142 sq. Similarly, special sets of terms are or have been used with reference to persons of royal blood in Burma (Forbes, British Burma, pp. 71 sq.; Shway Yoe, The Burman, ii. 118 sqq.), Cambodia (Lemire, Cochinchine française et le royaume de Cambodge, p. 447), the Malay Peninsula (W. W. Skeat, Malay Magic, p. 35), Travancore (S. Mateer, Native Life in Travancore, p. 129), the Pelew Islands (K. Semper, Die Palau-Inseln, pp. 309 sq.), Ponape, one of the Caroline Islands (Dr. Hahl, “Mitteilungen über Sitten und rechtliche Verhältnisse auf Ponape,” Ethnologisches Notizblatt, ii. Heft 2 (Berlin, 1901), p. 5), Samoa (L. Th. Violette, in Missions Catholiques, iii. (1870) p. 190; J. E. Newell, “Chief’s Language in Samoa,” Transactions of the Ninth International Congress of Orientalists, London, 1893, ii. 784–799), the Maldives (Fr. Pyrard, Voyage to the East Indies, the Maldives, the Moluccas, and Brazil, Hakluyt Society, i. 226), in some parts of Madagascar (J. Sibree, in The Antananarivo Annual and Madagascar Magazine, No. xi., Christmas 1887, pp. 310 sqq.; id., in Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxi. (1892) pp. 215 sqq.), among the Bawenda of the Transvaal (Beuster, “Das Volk der Vawenda,” Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin, xiv. (1879) p. 238), and among the Natchez Indians of North America (Du Pratz, History of Louisiana, p. 328). When we remember that special vocabularies of this sort have been employed with regard to kings or chiefs who are known to have enjoyed a divine or semi-divine character, as in Tahiti (see above, p. [388]), Fiji (Th. Williams, Fiji and the Fijians,² i. 37), and Tonga (W. Mariner, Tonga Islands, ii. 79), we shall be inclined to surmise that the existence of such a practice anywhere is indicative of a tendency to deify royal personages, who are thus marked off from their fellows. This would not necessarily apply to a custom of using a special dialect or particular forms of speech in addressing social superiors generally, such as prevails in Java (T. S. Raffles, History of Java, i. 310, 366 sqq., London, 1817), and Bali (R. Friederich, “Voorloopig Verslag van het eiland Bali,” Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, xxii. 4; J. Jacobs, Eenigen tijd onder de Baliërs, p. 36).
[1396] A. Bastian, Die Völker des östlichen Asien, iv. 383.
[1397] S. I. Curtiss, Primitive Semitic Religion To-day (Chicago, 1902), p. 102.