[1152]. See my note on Pausanias, ii. 17. 5; P. Wagler, Die Eiche in alter und neuer Zeit, ii. (Berlin, 1891), pp. 2 sqq.; A. B. Cook, “Zeus, Jupiter, and the Oak,” Classical Review, xvii. (1903) pp. 178 sqq.

[1153]. Aug. Mommsen, Delphika (Leipsic, 1878), pp. 4 sq.

[1154]. Strabo, Frag. vii. 3; Stephanus Byzantius, s.v. Δωδώνη; Suidas, s.vv. Δωδωναῖον χαλκεῖον and Δωδώνη; Apostolius, Cent. vi. 43; Zenobius, Cent. vi. 5; Nonnus Abbas, Ad S. Gregorii orat. ii. contra Julianum, 19 (Migne’s Patrologia Graeca, xxxvi. 1045). The evidence on this subject has been collected and discussed by Mr. A. B. Cook (“The Gong at Dodona,” Journal of Hellenic Studies, xxii. (1902) pp. 5-28). The theory in the text is obviously consistent, both with the statement that the sound of the gongs was consulted as oracular, and with the view, advocated by Mr. Cook, that it was supposed to avert evil influences from the sanctuary. If I am right, the bronze statuette which, according to some accounts, produced the sound by striking the gong with a clapper would represent Zeus himself making his thunder.

[1155]. On the natural surroundings of Dodona, see C. Carapanos, Dodone et ses ruines (Paris, 1878), pp. 7-10.

[1156]. Above, pp. [140] sq.

[1157]. Above, vol. i. p. 309. On the oak as the tree of Zeus, see Dionysius Halicarn. Ars rhetorica, i. 6, vol. v. p. 230 ed. Reiske; Schol. on Aristophanes, Birds, 480. On this subject much evidence, both literary and monumental, has been collected by Mr. A. B. Cook in his articles “Zeus, Jupiter, and the Oak,” Classical Review, xvii. (1903) pp. 174 sqq., 268 sqq., 403 sqq., xviii. (1904) pp. 75 sqq., 327 sq.

[1158]. Pausanias, i. 24. 3.

[1159]. Marcus Antoninus, v. 7.

[1160]. Theophrastus, De signis tempestatum, i. 24.

[1161]. Pausanias, i. 30. 4.