[1182]. As to the oak of Jupiter on the Capitol and the god’s oak crown, see above, p. [176]. With regard to the Capitoline worship of Thundering Jupiter, see Pliny, Nat. Hist. ii. 21, xxxiv. 10 and 79, xxxvi. 50. He was worshipped in many places besides Rome as the god of thunder and lightning. See Festus, p. 229, ed. C. O. Müller; Apuleius, De mundo, xxxvii. 371; H. Dessau, Inscriptones Latinae selectae, Nos. 3044-3053.
[1183]. Petronius, Sat. 44. That the slope mentioned by Petronius was the Capitoline one is made highly probable by a passage of Tertullian (Apologeticus 40: “Aquilicia Jovi immolatis, nudipedalia populo denuntiatis, coelum apud Capitolium quaeritis, nubila de laquearibus exspectatis”). The church father’s scorn for the ceremony contrasts with the respect, perhaps the mock respect, testified for it by the man in Petronius. The epithets Rainy and Showery are occasionally applied to Jupiter. See Tibullus, i. 7. 26; Apuleius, De mundo, xxxvii. 371; H. Dessau, Inscriptiones Latinae selectae, No. 3043.
[1184]. H. Dessau, op. cit. No. 3042; Apuleius, l.c.
[1185]. Apuleius, l.c., “Plures eum Frugiferum vocant”; H. Dessau, op. cit. No. 3017.
[1186]. On this subject see H. Munro Chadwick, “The Oak and the Thunder-god,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xxx. (1900) pp. 22-42.
[1187]. Pliny, Nat. Hist. xvi. 249.
[1188]. Maximus Tyrius, Dissert. viii. 8. H. D’Arbois de Jubainville supposed that by Celts the writer here meant Germans (Cours de la littérature celtique, i. 121 sqq.). This was not the view of J. Grimm, to whose authority D’Arbois de Jubainville appealed. Grimm says that what Maximus Tyrius affirms of the Celts might be applied to the Germans (Deutsche Mythologie, 4th ed., i. 55), which is quite a different thing.
[1189]. Strabo, xii. 5. 1, p. 567. As to the meaning of the name see (Sir) J. Rhys, Celtic Heathendom, p. 221; H. F. Tozer, Selections from Strabo, p. 284. On the Galatian language see above, p. [126], note 2.
[1190]. G. Curtius, Griech. Etymologie, 5th Ed., pp. 238 sq.; J. Rhys, op. cit. pp. 221 sq.; P. Kretschmer, Einleitung in die Geschichte der griech. Sprache, p. 81. Compare A. Vanicek, Griechisch-lateinisch. etymologisches Wörterbuch, pp. 368-370. Oak in old Irish is daur, in modern Irish dair, darach, in Gaelic darach. See G. Curtius, l.c.; A. Macbain, Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language (Inverness, 1896), s.v. “Darach.” On this view Pliny was substantially right (Nat. Hist. xvi. 249) in connecting Druid with the Greek drus, “oak,” though the name was not derived from the Greek. However, this derivation of Druid has been doubted or rejected by some scholars. See H. D’Arbois de Jubainville, Cours de la littérature celtique, i. (Paris, 1883), pp. 117 sqq.; O. Schrader, Reallexikon der indogermanischen Altertumskunde, pp. 638 sq.