voluntary, for corporal punishment in China, iv. 275 sq.;
for animal sacrifices, viii. 95 n. 2
“Substitutes for a person” in China, puppets burnt to avert misfortune, viii. 104
Substitution of souls as a remedy for sickness, iii. 57;
of puppet for soul of a sick man, iii. 62 sq.;
of animals for human victims, iv. 124, 165, 166 n. 1, 177, vii. 24, 33 sq., 249;
of child for parent in sacrifice, iv. 188, 194;
of criminals for innocent victims in human sacrifices, iv. 195;
of effigies for human victims in sacrifice, iv. 215, 217 sq., viii. 94 sqq.;
of rice-cakes for human victims, viii. 89;