Draper's position is very like that of the specialist at all times. Dean West of Princeton once said, I believe, that a specialist is a man who knows so much more about one thing than he knows about anything else that he is inclined to think that he knows more about that than anyone else does. To which I once ventured [{518}] to add that the specialist is also a man who thinks because of his recognized attainments in one line, that if, for any reason, he should pay any serious attention to any other subject he would know more about that than anyone else does. Draper's views on universal history correspond exactly to such a definition. He jumped to conclusions in a way that he would surely have resented most bitterly and quite properly in anyone who attempted after slight acquaintance with his own department of science to express ultimate conclusions with regard to it, but he himself with the most scanty information gleaned only for the purpose of confirming some preconceived ideas, gathered entirely from secondary authorities without even an attempt to confirm his views by consultation of original documents, proceeded to tell the world just what it ought to think about questions of all kinds that have sometimes occupied historians for centuries and are by no means clear even yet.
Above all, he failed to realize the relations of whatever knowledge he had to the other facts of history. Deeply interested in science himself to the exclusion of nearly everything else, he could not understand how any generation and scarcely how any individual could live a deeply intellectual life without an absorbing interest in physical science. He seems to have had no conception of the fact that physical science is only a passing phase of man's interest, and that interests in philosophy, in art, in poetry, in literature are not only quite equal to science as a mental discipline, but must probably be considered to surpass it. Nothing can be so narrow as physical science pursued alone,--as Draper himself furnishes the best possible proof, but of this he seems to have had no hint. Fortunately humanity has drawn away from that exaggerated idea of the value of physical science as ultimate truth and we are able to judge a little more dispassionately.
Professor Draper's prestige, and the fact that his book was published in the International Scientific Series, led a great many people to read it, and it found its way into many of the public libraries of the country, on whose shelves it may still be found. Many of its readers thought it could never be effectively answered. Scientists were affected by it, or at least those interested in science, and it represented one phase of that pronounced opposition to religion which characterized what has been so well called the "silly seventies."
And if the seriously educated were willing to accept the ignorant and prejudiced views of Professor Draper, what was to be expected of the general reader? What has helped the position of the Church [{519}] in this country during the past generations is knowledge, and ever more knowledge. When those who are not of the fold know even a little of the history of the Church, know a reasonable amount of the other side of controversial problems, and, above all, when they have been brought into personal touch with the Church itself, her pastors and the hierarchy and religious men and women, prejudice disappears and understanding grows. We still have the monks and nuns of the olden time with us, but no one who knows them personally ever thinks for a moment of lazy monks and idle nuns. After a man has met scholarly Catholic clergymen, he has quite a different view of the relations of the Church to education. That is all that the Church has ever needed--to be known in order to be appreciated. Nothing emphasizes this so much as the change that has come over the opinions of those outside the Church as a result of growth in knowledge of the Church and her institutions during the generation that separates us from the writing of Professor Draper's book.
INDEX
A
A.A.A.S. [311]Abditis de causis morborum [84]Accident of fevers [213]Achievement, human [306]Achillini [76], [92], [92], [105], [244]Achillinus (see above)
Addison [85]After-care of insane [371]Agenius, Otto [47]Agnostic [262]Agnus Dei [199]Albert (see Albertus)
Albertus Magnus [102], [134], [287], [295], [305], [324];
botany [318];
physical geography [318];
science [299];
scientific treatises [319];
scientific works [319]Albigenses [257]Albucasis [99]Alchemy [134], [135]Alderotti, Thaddeus [206]Alexander VI. [215], [231]Allbutt [83], [173], [185], [194], [196], [214], [506]Allston, Washington [391]Alma Mater Studiorum [94]Alphanus [94]America, discovery of [316]Amerigo Vespucci [283]Amalgam [135]Ampère [281]Anatomical preparations [46];
work at Rome [117]Anatomy,
history of [114], [62];
Father of [111];
Golden Age [30];
myths [61];
Renaissance of [112];
supposed prohibition [28]Anaxagoras [351]Aneurysms [243]Angelico [92]Angelo [90], [112]Angel butterfly [358]Angleworms dried [184]Annals of Anatomy and Surgery [116], [233]Annihilation [313]Anomalies [185]Antimony, Triumphal Chariot of [136]Antipodes [316]Ants [358]Applied science [329]Aquinas [135], [305], [323], [325]Arabisms [170]Arabs, surgical knowledge of [170], [192]Aranzi [245]Archives, Hospitaliêres [253]Ardern, John [188]Argelata [76]Aristotle [218], [292];
a man [298];
errors of [298]Arnold of Villanova [135], [186], [210]Arts and architecture [329];
seven devilish [145]Arts and Sciences, Congress of [173]Astrology [158], [212]Astronomy [140]Auenbrugger [243], [403]Augsburg [251]Augustine, St. [112], [327], [327]Authors, second-rate [315]Autopsy
on a living person [117];
on Cardinals [58]Autopsy, legal [72]Avicenna [99], [183]Avignon [79], [164], [182], [211];
development of [139]Azarias, Brother [344]
B
B. A. A. S. [311]Bacon, Francis [283], [332], [360]Bacon, Roger [134], [305], [321], [323], [327], [332]Baillie [85]Balliol College [95]Bartholomaeus Anglicus [338]Bartholomew the Englishman [336]Bartolo [270]Basel [105]Basil, Valentine [136]Bauhin [209]Baunette [308]Baverius de Baveriis [213]Bede [315]Bedlam [255], [372];
visitors' fees [373]Bedlamites [374]Bedlams [374]Bees [358]Belgium, Catholic [102]Bellinis [102]Benedict XIV. [218], [223]Benedictines and medicine [224];
of St. Maur [53], [54]Benivieni [83], [85], [99], [105]Berengar of Carpi [82], [86], [105], [115], [245], [399]Berengarius [77]Bertapaglia [77]Berthelot [132]Bertrand, M. [394]Bertrucci [92], [186]Besancon [254]Bethlehem Hospital [369], [372]Black Death [272]Blepharitis [208]Blood, shedding of [168], [191]
[{522}]
Bodleian [95]Body-snatching [37], [75]Boerhaave [244]Bologna [19], [119], [158], [158], [174], [192], [222];
a Papal City [82]Bolognese Medical School [244]Boniface VIII. [56], [112]Boniface's, Pope,
Bull [29];
Bull, meaning of [59];
misinterpretation [35];
reason for [32];
text [31];
where found [31]Books, medical, dedicated to Popes [235]Borelli [217]Botany [140], [158];
medieval [318]Brethren of the Common Life [97]Bridewell [255]Bright [85]Broeck [178]Brother Potamian [288]Brothers [254]Butterfly [358]
C
Caesalpino [319]Caesalpinus [18], [113], [119], [217], [236]Cahors [162], [162], appendix
Caius,
John [94];
College [94]Calendar, correction of [323]Cambridge Modern History [24]Cantharides [181]Carlyle [347]Cassiodorus [225]Catalepsy [214]Cataract [208], [230]Catarrh [180]Catherei [185]Catherine of Siena [272]Cecco di Ascolo [211]Charles V. [108], [116], [217]Chartres [228]Chauliac [45], [74], [176], [180], [181], [210];
self-made man [210]Chauvinism [237]Chemicum Theatrum [135]Chemistry, story of [134]Children attending schools [344]Chirurgia Magna [175], [187]Chirurgia Parva [187]Chlorosis, iron for [214]Christ's Hospital [255]Church and
art [21];
education [21];
letters [22];
science [22]Church, pressure of [190]Circulation of the blood [238]City Hospitals [248], [370]Classic histories misleading [25]Claude Bernard [233]Clavis Sanationis [209]Clavius, S. J., Father [217], [360]Cleanliness, surgical [279]Clement
V. [135], [150], [210];
VIII. [237];
XI. [242];
XIII. [219]Climate at Rome [243]Climatology [140]Cod liver oil [230]Cologne [251], [318], [325]Colony system [367], [372]Columbus [86], [90], [113], [216], [232]St. Côme College [195]Committee
of inspection [373];
of investigation [378]Concordance [134]Conflict, supposed, between religion and science [393]Congregation of St. Maur [54]Conspiracy against the Truth [24]Constantine Africanus [170]Conservation of energy [312]Consultation, Vesalius's [107]Constanz [251]Contact, without human [386]Content of medieval teaching [314]Copenhagen, University of [97]Copper and gold [309]Coquelines [146]Coro Anatomico [246]Corpus Juris Canonici [124]Corradi [74]Coryza [180]Cosmos [355]Coulomb [282]Cruikshank [121]Crusades of surgery [192]Cycles of interest [131]
D
Dante [341];
as a nature student [343];
architect [342];
like Goethe [348];
on education [361];
treatment of nature [347]Daremberg [188]Darwin [396]Daunou [54], [230];
Protestant tract [55]Decretals, sixth book of [56]Deduction [169], [200]Deductions in history [26]De Magnete [285]DeMaistre [24], [165], [284]Democritus [351]Demonical possession [366]De Motu Cordis [242]De Natura rerum [338]Denifle [305]De Re Anatomica [235]Desiderata for insane [371]Desiderius [227]Development of anatomy [63]Diabetes [180]Dillon, Arthur [266]Dino de Garbo [212]Director, surgical [183]Disease,
eradication [275];
What, Where [85] nothing [364]Disinterested scholars [302]Dissection
at Rome [59];
at Venice [38];
first 1302 [37];
numerous [77];
hero of [111];
in public [58];
permissions [51];
practice of [63];
Rashdall on [37];
supposed prohibition [29];
systematic [76];
was it hampered? [36];
wounds [47]Documentary evidence [25]Doctorates [154]Dogmatism [395]Donatello [112]Donatus [305]Donkey, breath of [167], [183]Draper, Dr. [284]Dropsy, cause [174]Ducks, queerest [203]Durities renum [174]
[{523}]
Dungeon era [368]Dympna, St. [376]Dysuria [180]
E
Earth, shape-size [315]Ecclesiastical institutions [339]Economics [412]Eddyism [364]Education
and Popes [19];
medical [65];
preliminary [141], [158];
Pope John XXII. and [141]Edward VI. [256]Elementis, De Quatuor [208]Elizabeth, Queen [94], [285]Empyema [185]Encyclopedia,
first [334];
Britannica [133]Energy, conservation [314]Engineering, mechanical [330]Epilepsy [214]Epochs, four marvelous [161]Era of asylums [368]Erhardt [368]Erysipelas [276]Essays, educational [344]Etruscans [151]Eugenie, Empress [289]Eustachius [18], [86], [114], [119], [216]Evolution,
footsteps of [390];
in human affairs [332];
of science [93]Exaggeration, pious [203]Experimentalism [297]Experiment in optics [348]Exorcism [368], [374]Extravagantes [31], [124]Eye diseases [229]
F
Fabrica, corporis humani [108]Fallopius [187]Falsification, crime of [125]Faraday [285]Father of electricity [265]Ferrara [243]Fevers [213]Finance [412]Firearms, wounds made by [215]Fisher, Dr. [233]Flies carry the plague [239]Florence [83]Fordham University Medical School [28], [267]Form [311]Fortune-teller [129]Foster, Sir Michael [107];
Prof. Med. [237]Fouarre, rue de [362]Foundation for modern thought [305]Foundling House [258]Fracassate [245]France [174]Franciscans [132], [287], [288], [290], [292], [327], [328], [369], [471], [514]Francis of Siena [213]Francis, Saint [328]Francis Speretis [381]Frankfort [251]Frederick II., body [34], [63]Free cities [333]Freind [187]Fulbert of Chartres [227]
G
Gairdner [256]Galen [183], [194]Galileo [16], [19], [239], [306], [332], [385]Galvani [282]Gardner [270]Generation, spontaneous [92]Gentilis [77]Geography [140]Geology, foundation [401]Gerbert [227]Gesner [319]Gheel [367]Ghent [273]Gilbert [305];
of Colchester [285]Giordano Bruno [393]Giliani, Alessandra [46]Giotto [92]Gladstone [393]Glaucoma [230]God's hostelry [260]Goisbert [227]Gold, bricks [15];
from sea water [15]Gonorrhoea [180]Gordon [185]Gould, Dr. Geo. M. [405]Government interfered [279]Grandfather of Vesalius [110]Graves rifled [75]Grecisms [170]Gregory
VII. [227];
IX. [205];
XI. [212]Guido, or Guy of Montpelier [250]Guinicelli [308]Guyot de Provins [308]Günther of Andernach [103]
H
Habits,
religious [278];
of prayer [376]Haeckel [39]3
Haeser [182]Haly [183]Hangman, touch of [183]Harvey [96], [119], [234], [306], [396], [397]Health, Key of [209]Heart as a muscle [400]Hildebrand [227]Hildier [227]Hirsch's Biographical Lexicon [242]Histoire Litteraire de la France [31], [53], [54]History lies [120], [122], [286]History
of Science [16];
of the Court of Rome [55]Hoefer [132]Holmes, Oliver Wendell [277], [405]Holy Ghost, sin against [35]Honorius
III. [273];
IV. [274]Hooke, Robert [405]Hospital
organization [248];
of Holy Spirit [250];
nursing [262];
community [273];
Siena [269];
for erysipelas [277]Hounds, bites of mad [181]House of God [266]House signs [253]Hugo De Senis [77]Humanitarian institutions [264]Humboldt [316];
on medical science [20], [355]Huxley on Galileo [17];
Prof. [394]Hydrophobia [181]Hypodermics [197]Hysteria [214]
[{524}]
I
Icterus [180]Ignatius Loyola [201]Ignorance,
sublime [26];
four grounds of [290]Il Convito [362]Image, waxen [145], [169]Indestructibility of matter [312]Induction [169]Infallibility [35], [143], [169]Ionization [311]Innocent
III. [249], [273], [276], [370];
XI. [240];
XII. [242]Inquisition [112], [118]Insane
colony [377];
non-violent [377];
brutally treated [378];
in the poor houses [378];
harmless [379]Insanity in Middle Ages [363]Inter ceteras curas [160]Interference, spiritual [380], [385]Intestines [185]Institutions, large [367]Institutional system [377]Instruments, illustrations of [181], [185]Intuition [384]Inunctions, mercurial [215]Investigations by experiment [296]Italy, post-graduate work in [96]
J
Jackson, Dr. Geo. [116]Jacques de Vitry [265]Janus [207], [228]Jelliffe
[367]Jenner [402]Jesuitism [50]Jesuits [232]Joannes de Tornamira [212]John XXII. [121];
and education [143], [207], [223]John of Chartres [227]John of Vigo [214]Jordan, David Starr [390]Jordan, Pres. [395]Joubert [197]Julius II. [214]
K
Kelly, Dr. Howard [239]Ken, Bishop [359]Kepler [385]Kircher [18,] [238]Knights Hospitalers [261]Knowledge, advance [306]Kopp [131]Kropotkin [180], [332]Kuhns, Prof. L. Oscar [347]
L
Lachrimal fistula [208]Laennec [403]Lancisi [241]Lane lectures [237]Lanfranc [68], [79], [173], [175]La Place [405]Lapponi, Dr. [214]Latin Empire [258]Lavoisier [393]Lead into silver [309]Leo
XIII. [138], [327];
X. [215]Leproseries [274]Le Sexte [56]Leyden [241]Liber Cosmographicus [317]Library of Canon and Civil Law [162]Linacre [93]Lionardo da Vinci [90]Lithium into copper [310]Livers, extracts [230]Lodge, Sir Oliver [383]Logic, groundwork of [64]Lombroso [383]Lords the Poor [260]Louis IX. [334];
body [34]Louvain [100];
University of [102]Lubbock, Sir John [359]Lucan [358]Lucretius [358]Lully, Raymond [308]Lunar rainbows [318]Lung Abscess [180]Lutheranism [102]Lyons Council [326]
M
Macaulay [284]Magnet in surgery [178]Mail and Express [266]Maison Dieu [260]Malgaigne [182], [194]Malingerers [273]Malpighi [18], [85], [96], [119], [217], [240]Manipulations, surgical [185]Mantegna [112]Marguerite of Burgogne [266]Marie of Burgundy [109]Mary, Queen [94]Massa [86]Massari [246]Maximilian I. [109]Medical Library and Hist. Journal [40], [121]Medical Schools of Rome [222]Medieval scientific books [23]Mental and nervous diseases [363]Method,
deductive [281];
inductive [283]Meyer, Ernest von [132]Meyer [209]Michel Angelo [90]Milan's magnificent hospital [269]Mineralogy [140], [157]Minerals [135]Miracles
to medicine [167];
belief in [199]Mitchell [405]Mivart, St. George [394]Mondino [37]Montagnano [78]Monte Cassino [205], [225]Montpelier, University of [79], [177], [182], [192]Morgagni [99], [219];
forerunner of [83];
eighth daughter of [222];
son a Jesuit [221]Morgan, Augustus de, on Galileo [16]Morley, Henry [291]München [251]
[{525}]
N
Naples [325]Natural
phenomena [340];
science [340]Nature,
interest in [335];
laws of [387]Naudé [205]Neckam, Abbot [308]Necropsies [85]Newark [188]Newman, Cardinal, on Galileo [16]Newton [306]Nicaise [182]Nicholas,
Pope [137];
IV. [208];
V. [213]Nothingness [313]Novelty [392]Novum Organum [284], [293]Nüremberg [332]
O
Observation, powers of [300]Ohm [282], [408]Open door [367], [371], [374]Opposition,
ecclesiastical [62];
popular [62]Opposition to the progress of science [396]Opus Tertium [134], [288];
Majus [292]Ordures [183]Ovid [358]Oxford [324]
P
Padua [77], [83], [106];
University at [394]Palmist [129]Pagel [171], [177], [190], [319]Papal Medical School [26], [66], [89], [119], [222]Papal
bulls [26];
Curia [113];
Physicians [118], [202]Paracelsus [118], [137]Paré [174]Paris [152], [158], [192], [317], [325]Pasteur [289], [409]Pathology, father of [84]Patients scourged [375]Patron of students [331]Paul
III. [113], [232];
IV. [113], [114]Peregrinus [307]Permissions to dissect [51]Perugia University [149], [156], [161]Perugino [162], [243]Petella [207], [229]Peter of Chartres [227]Peter of Spain [207], [208]Pharmacology [158]Phenomena,
psychic [381];
occult [381]Philip Le Bel [177]Philip II. [217]Philosopher's stone [135], [308]Philosophy encouraged [22]Phosphorescence [355]Phreas, John [95]Phthisis [180]Physicians, Royal College of [93]Physicians,
thinking [201];
of educated people [203]Physical geography [317]Physics, treatise on [298]Piccolomini [216], [235]Pilcher, Prof., on Mondino [89], [45], [48], [64], [66]Pilgrimage for insane [375], [376]Pious Schools, Society of [218]Pius IV. [235]Poggendorf [286]Poissin [405]Polypus [85]Pope Clement [327]Popes encouraged anatomy and medical sciences [113] (For separate Popes see names)
Pope John and education [141]Popularizers in science [283]Possessed [368]Possession [380]Potamian, Brother [307]Practice of medicine [65]Prayer for mental diseases [376]Prerequisite for degree [159]President, our [143]Priestley [286]Prime matter [311]Prince Kropotkin [330], [345]Prospectus of Medical School [157]Protestant tradition [24]Psalms [178]Psychopathic wards [368]Ptolemaic [353]Public buildings [269]Puccinotti [69], [75]Puschmann [41], [58], [75], [171], [298], [319]Pythagoras [351]
Q
Questions, medical [237]
R
Rabies, treatment for [409]Ramsay, Sir Wm. [310]Raphael [90], [162]Rashdall [73];
History of Universities [37]Ratisbon, Bishop of [324]Reason for false tradition [24]Reed, Major Walter [239]Reformation, so-called [166], [190]Reform of philosophizing [293]Regius professors [193]Regulation of medical practice [65]Religious care for the sick [263]Renaissance [80]Renaissance of science [91]Resurrection of [91]Ricardus Anglicus [205]Ricardus Paresiensis [205]Richard the Englishman [205]Richet [383]Roger [170], [192]Rome [325];
Roman University [164]Rosarium [132]Rostock, University of [155]Roth [70], [76]Rovere, Cardinal Della [14]Ruskin [342]
S
Saintsbury [303]Saladin [261]Salerno [65];
history of [130]
[{526}]
Salicet [173], [221]Sanitarium [371]Sapienza [215]Sarti [67]Schacht [137]Scheit [137]Scholasticism [302], [303]Scholarship, profound [299]School street in Oxford [362]Science, Medieval [301], [335]Science
in modern universities [304];
chemical [120]Scientia Experimentalis [292]Scientists believers [282]Scirrhus [85]Scotus, Michael [102]Segregation, leprosy [275]Semmelweiss [407]Servetus [393], [399], [400]Shrines [375]Sicilies, dissection in [63]Siena, story of [270]Sighart [317]Simon Januensis [203]Sir Wm. Crookes [382]Sister of Holy Ghost [254]Skeleton of felon [104]Skeletons [105]Snake, bite of [181]Social ostracism [127]Sociology [412]South Pole [315]Speakman, Eliz. [259]Speculum Naturale [334]Sphericity of the earth [316]Spirit interference [385]Spiritist [129]Spiritual manifestations [381]Spiritual interference [366]Spiritual interference in human life [366]Spiritual world [380]Spondent pariter [122]St. Anthony's fire [272]St. Bartholomew's [255]St. Catherine of Siena [272]St. Charles Seminary [146]St. Côme [194]St. Dympna [376]St. Francis [162], [328]St. Francis's fire [276]St. Gallen [251]St. Thomas's Hospital [256]St. Victor [205]Stagirite [292]Stars,
shooting [351];
fixed [352]Steinschneider [209]Steno [96], [400]Stensen [96]Stenosis [85]Stone, philosopher's [125]Strangury [180]Strasburg [72]Structural work [330]Students
clerics [339];
of medicine [157]Sturdy vagrants [274]Sudden Death [242]Suggestions, strong [375]Summa Theologiae [298]Super Illius specula [128]Superficiality of our education [21]Superstition [184]Surgeons
ecclesiastics [169];
dishonorable [171]Surgeons, Middle Ages [172]Surgery,
history of [68];
prohibition of [169]Surgery,
father of [193];
prejudice against [194]Swift, Dean [391]Sylvester II. [227]Syncope [214]Synonyma Medicinae [209]Synonymies [209]
T
Taxes [185]Telepathy [384]Temporal power [55]Tents [183]Tertullian [112]Thaddeus [206]Theobald V., King [335]Theodoric [183]Theological discouragement [167]Theological opposition [167]Theophastus [319]Thirteenth Greatest of Centuries [322]Thomas of Cantimprato [336]Thomson [132], [135], [405]Thrombosis of the mesenteric vein [85]Thule [315]Tolerance for scientific investigation [116]Thomassetti [146]Tooth, dead man's [167], [183]Töply [58], [67];
von [41]Tozzi [218], [240]Traditions, blood-fearing [192]Tramp [274]Transmutation of metals [309]Trent, Council of [204]Trephining [185]Trithemius [137]Trowbridge [343]Tuberculosis, crusade against [276]Turner [86], [115], [245], [304]Twelve, College of, Physicians [211]Tycho-Brahe [360]Tyndall [238]
U
Ulcers, carcinomatous [183]Umbrian School [162]University curriculus, medieval [301], [303]University
books [304];
teaching [329]University, Papal [15]University of the City of Rome [223]Urban VI. [211]
V
Valentine [136]Valsalva [99], [194]Van Swieten [241]Varolius [217]Vatican [88]Vecchetta [271]Venice [72], [88], [106]Verocchio [112]Verona [174]
[{527}]
Vesalius [35], [51], [100];
great-grandfather [109];
inquisitive [101];
ancestry [109];
father [110];
as consultant [112];
life of [116], [216]Vibrations in the ether [384]Vienna Medical School [241]Villani [345]Villanova, Arnold of [210]Vincent of Beauvais [334]Virchow 251, [256]Virgil [407]Visitor's fees, Bedlam [373]Vitry [308]
W
Wallace, Alfred Russell [386]Walsh [144]Wards, cheerless, white [268]Ward for psychic cases [367]Warfare, Theology, Science [29]Weismann [393]Wenzel, Emperor [169]Whewell [293]White, Andrew D. [29];
on dissection [49];
universal prohibition [20], [112], [122], [128], [130], [171], [199], [369]William of Salicet [68], [79]Workmen of Lyons [326]World, immaterial [383]Wurz [174]
Y
Young, Dr. Thomas [404]Yperman [178]Ypres [178]
Z
Zerbi [105]Zoology [158]Zurich [251]