LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

1 Le Beau Dieu (Amiens)[Frontispiece] (ii)
2 Virgin with the Divine Child (Mosaic, St. Mark's, Venice)[Opposite page 5]
3 Pulpit (N. Pisano, Siena)[Opposite page 8]
4 Archangel Michael (Giovanni Pisano, Pisa)[Opposite page 13]
5 Christ (Andrea Pisano, Florence)[Opposite page 13]
6 Sta. Reparata (Andrea Pisano, Florence)[Opposite page 13]
7 Paschal Candlestick (Baptistery, Florence)[Opposite page 15]
8 Reliquary (Cathedral Orvieto, Ugolino di Vieri)[Opposite page 15]
9 The Church in Symbol (Paris)[On page 17]
10 Adoration of Magi (Pulpit, Siena, Nic. Pisano)[Opposite page 22]
11 Cathedral (Lincoln)[Opposite page 28]
12 Cathedral (York)[Opposite page 28]
13 Cloister of St. John Lateran (Rome)[Opposite page 32]
14 Jacques Coeur's House (Bourges)[On page 32]
15 Rathhaus (Tangermünde)[Opposite page 42]
16 Cathedral (Hereford)[Opposite page 44]
17 Cathedral (York, East)[Opposite page 44]
18 Single Flying Buttress[On page 57]
19 Christ Driving Out Money Changers (Giotto)[Opposite page 64]
20 Bride from Marriage of Cana (Giotto)[Opposite page 64]
21 Head (Mosaic, St. Mark's, Venice)[Opposite page 64]
22 Head of Blessed Virgin Annunciation[Opposite page 64]
23 Petrarch Portraits by Benozzo Gozzoli[Opposite page 71]
24 Dante Portraits by Benozzo Gozzoli[Opposite page 71]
25 Giotto Portraits by Benozzo Gozzoli[Opposite page 71]
26 Screen (Hereford)[Opposite page 87]
27 Doorway of Sacristy (Bourges)[Opposite page 87]
28 Double Flying Buttress[On page 95]
29 Angel Choir (Lincoln)[Opposite page 96]
30 Cathedral (Amiens)[Opposite page 105]
31 Cathedral (Rheims)[Opposite page 107]
32 Cloister of St. Paul's (without the walls, Rome)[Opposite page 112]
33 Cathedral (Bourges)[Opposite page 116]
34 Cathedral (Chartres)[Opposite page 116]
35 Durham Castle and Cathedral[Opposite page 120]
36 King John's Castle (Limerick)[Opposite page 120]
37 Giotto's Tower (Florence)[Opposite page 122]
38 Palazzo Vecchio (Arnulfo, Florence)
Campanile (Giotto)		[Opposite page 122]
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39 Fountain (Perugia) [Town Pump][Opposite page 126]
40 Lavatoio (Todi) [Public Wash-House][Opposite page 126]
41 Reliquary (Limoges Museo, Florence)[Opposite page 133]
42 Crucifix (Duomo, Siena)[Opposite page 133]
43 Madonna, Cimabue (Rucellai Chapel, Santa Maria Novella, Florence) [Opposite page 136]
44 St. Francis' Marriage with Poverty (Giotto, Assisi)[Opposite page 144]
45 Espousal of St. Catherine (Gaddi, XIII. Century pupil, Perugia) [Opposite page 147]
46 Group from Visitation (Rheims)[On page 148]
47 Monument of Cardinal de Bray (Arnolfo)[Opposite page 156]
48 Decoration (XIII. Cent. Psalter MSS.)[On page 165]
49 Santa Maria Sopra Minerva (Rome's Gothic Cathedral)[Opposite page 168]
50 Crozier (obverse and reverse)[On page 181]
51Tower of Scaligers[On page 193]
52 St. Francis Prophesies the Death of Celano (Giotto, Upper Ch., Assisi)[Opposite page 197]
53 Virgin and Child (Pisa, Campo Santo, Giov. Pisano)[Opposite page 200]
54 Entombment of Blessed Virgin[On page 208]
55 St. Christopher (alto relievo, Venice)[Opposite page 214]
56Madonna and Child (Giov. Pisano, Padua)[Opposite page 214]
57 Tower (Lincoln)[On page 220]
58 Porta Romana Gate, Florence (N. Pisano)[Opposite page 226]
59Ponte Alle Grazie (Lapo)[Opposite page 226]
60Church and Cloisters, San Antonio (Padua)[Opposite page 232]
61 St. Catherine's (Lübeck)[Opposite page 232]
62 Stone Carving (Paris)[On page 237]
63 The First Nativity Play (Giotto, Upper Church of Assisi)[Opposite page 240]
64Palazzo Buondelmonti (Florence)[Opposite page 248]
65 Palazzo Tolomei (Siena)[Opposite page 248]
66 Capital (Lincoln)[On page 253]
67 The Glorification of St. Francis (Giotto, Lower Church of Assisi) [Opposite page 256]
68 St. Francis (Church of the Frari, Venice, Nic. Pisano)[Opposite page 261]
69 St. Clare—Three Franciscans (Giotto)[Opposite page 264]
70 St. Louis—Three Franciscans (Giotto)[Opposite page 264]
71 St. Elizabeth—Three Franciscans (Giotto)[Opposite page 264]
72 Side Capital (Lincoln)[On page 269]
73 Notre Dame (Paris)[Opposite page 290]
74 La Sainte Chapelle (Paris)Opposite page 294 [missing]
75Cathedral (Orvieto)Opposite page 294 [missing]
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76Apostle (la Sainte Chapelle, Paris)[Opposite page 296]
77 Decoration (Queen Mary's Psalter, XIII. Century MS.)[On page 299]
78 Portrait of Dante (Giotto, in the Bargello, Florence)[Opposite page 300]
79Torre del Fame (Dante, Pisa)[Opposite page 306]
80 Palazzo Pretorio (Todi)[Opposite page 306]
81 Angel (Rheims)[On page 318]
82 St. Clare Bids the Dead St. Francis Good-bye (Giotto, Up. Ch. Assisi)[Opposite page 320]
83 Church (Doberan, Germany)[Opposite page 322]
84 San Damiano (Assisi)[Opposite page 322]
85 St. Elizabeth's Cathedral (Marburg)[Opposite page 325]
86 Marriage of the Blessed Virgin (Giotto, Padua)[Opposite page 328]
87 Mosaic (St. Mark's, Venice, 1220)[Opposite page 333]
88 Stone Carving (Amiens)[On page 336]
89 Hospital of the Holy Ghost (Lübeck)[Opposite page 341]
90Charity (Giotto)[Opposite page 347]
91 Fortitude (Giotto)[Opposite page 347]
92 Hope (Giotto)[Opposite page 347]
93 Hospital Interior[On page 349]
94 Tower (Marburg)[On page 363]
95 City Gate (Neubrandenburg)[Opposite page 368]
96 Rathhaus (Stralsund)[Opposite page 368]
97 Portrait of Pope Boniface VIII. (Giotto, Rome)[Opposite page 372]
98Decoration (XIII. Cent. Psalter)[On page 374]
99 Doorway (Lincoln)[Opposite page 381]
100 Nave (Durham)[Opposite page 381]
101Broken Arch (St. Mary's, York, Climax of Gothic)[Opposite page 381]
102 Animals from Bestiarium (XIII. Cent. MS.)[On page 391]
103Door of Giotto's Tower (Florence)[Opposite page 405]
104 Principal Door of Baptistery (Pisa)[Opposite page 405]
105 Palazzo dei Consoli (Gubbio)[Opposite page 417]
106 Palazzo Zabarella (Padua)[Opposite page 417]
107 Rathhaus (Lübeck)[Opposite page 422]
108 City Gate (Neubrandenburg)[Opposite page 426]
109 Minster (Chorin, Germany)[Opposite page 426]
110 Hinge from Schlestadt[On page 429]
111 Portion of Letter of Innocent III., Mentioning Greenland[On page 433]
112 Double Pivoted Compass Needle[On page 441]
113 Peregrinus' Compass[On page 442]
114 Portion of MS. of Ormulum[On page 450]
115 Key of Map of World (Hereford)[On page 461]
116 Map of World (Hereford)[Opposite page 463]

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[{1}]

I
INTRODUCTION

THE THIRTEENTH, THE GREATEST OF CENTURIES

It cannot but seem a paradox to say that the Thirteenth was the greatest of centuries. To most people the idea will appear at once so preposterous that they may not even care to consider it. A certain number, of course, will have their curiosity piqued by the thought that anyone should evolve so curious a notion. Either of these attitudes of mind will yield at once to a more properly receptive mood if it is recalled that the Thirteenth is the century of the Gothic cathedrals, of the foundation of the university, of the signing of Magna Charta, and of the origin of representative government with something like constitutional guarantees throughout the west of Europe. The cathedrals represent a development in the arts that has probably never been equaled either before or since. The university was a definite creation of these generations that has lived and maintained its usefulness practically in the same form in which it was then cast for the seven centuries ever since. The foundation stones of modern liberties are to be found in the documents which for the first time declared the rights of man during this precious period.

A little consideration of the men who, at this period, lived lives of undying influence on mankind, will still further attract the attention of those who have not usually grouped these great characters together. Just before the century opened, three great rulers died at the height of their influence. They are still and will always be the subject of men's thoughts and of literature. They were Frederick Barbarossa, Saladin, and Richard Coeur De Lion. They formed but a suggestive prelude of what was to come in the following century, when such [{2}] great monarchs as St. Louis of France, St. Ferdinand of Spain, Alfonso the Wise of Castile, Frederick II of Germany, Edward I, the English Justinian, Rudolph of Hapsburg, whose descendants still rule in Austria, and Robert Bruce, occupied the thrones of Europe. Was it by chance or Providence that the same century saw the rise of and the beginning of the fall of that great Eastern monarchy which had been created by the genius for conquest of Jenghiz Khan, the Tartar warrior, who ruled over all the Eastern world from beyond what are now the western confines of Russia, Poland, and Hungary, into and including what we now call China.

But the thrones of Europe and of Asia did not monopolize the great men of the time. The Thirteenth Century claims such wonderful churchmen as St. Francis and St. Dominic, and while it has only the influence of St. Hugh of Lincoln, who died just as it began, it can be proud of St. Edmund of Canterbury, Stephen Langton, and Robert Grosseteste, all men whose place in history is due to what they did for their people, and such magnificent women as Queen Blanche of Castile, St. Clare of Assisi, and St. Elizabeth of Hungary. The century opened with one of the greatest of the Popes on the throne, Innocent III, and it closed with the most misunderstood of Popes, who is in spite of this one of the worthiest successors of Peter, Boniface VIII. During the century there had been such men as Honorius IV, the Patron of Learning, Gregory IX, to whom Canon Law owes so much, and John XXI, who had been famous as a scientist before becoming Pope. There are such scholars as St. Thomas of Aquin, Albertus Magnus, Roger Bacon, St. Bonaventure, Duns Scotus, Raymond Lully, Vincent of Beauvais, and Alexander of Hales, and such patrons of learning as Robert of Sorbonne, and the founders of nearly twenty universities. There were such artists as Gaddi, Cimabue, and above all Giotto, and such literary men as the authors of the Arthur Legends and the Nibelungen, the Meistersingers, the Minnesingers, the Troubadours, and Trouvères, and above all Dante, who is universally considered now to be one of the greatest literary men of all times, but who was not, as is so often thought and said, a solitary phenomenon in the period, but only the culmination of a great literary movement that had to have [{3}] some such supreme expression of itself as this in order to properly round out the cycle of its existence.

If in addition it be said that this century saw the birth of the democratic spirit in many different ways in the various countries of Europe, but always in such form that it was never quite to die out again, the reasons for talking of it as possibly the greatest of centuries will be readily appreciated even by those whose reading has not given them any preliminary basis of information with regard to this period, which has unfortunately been shrouded from the eyes of most people by the fact, that its place in the midst of the Middle Ages would seem to preclude all possibility of the idea that it could represent a great phase of the development of the human intellect and its esthetic possibilities.