Transcriber’s notes:

The text of this e-book has mostly been preserved in its original form, but a number of typographic errors have been corrected silently – they are [listed] at the end of the book. Missing or inconsistent punctuation has been corrected silently in a few places, but inconsistent hyphenation has not been altered. The marker for footnote 31 was missing from the original text and has been arbitrarily placed at the end of the relevant paragraph. An index item that lacked a page reference has been remedied; an archaic symbol representing the mathematical ‘factorial’ function has been replaced by the standard exclamation mark (!); a few illustrations have been moved nearer to the relevant text, and hyperlinks have been added to footnotes and other cross-references. Page numbers are shown in the right margin and footnotes are located at the end. Footnotes are located at the end.

The cover image of the book was created by the transcriber and is placed in the public domain.

THE PHILOSOPHY OF BIOLOGY

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
London: FETTER LANE, E.C.
C. F. CLAY, Manager

Edinburgh: 100 PRINCES STREET
Berlin: A. ASHER AND CO.
Leipzig: F. A. BROCKHAUS
New York: G. P. PUTNAM’S SONS
Bombay and Calcutta: MACMILLAN AND CO., Ltd.
Toronto: J. M. DENT & SONS, Ltd.
Tokyo: THE MARUZEN-KABUSHIKI-KAISHA

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THE PHILOSOPHY OF BIOLOGY