OTHER MORBID SOUNDS.
Besides cough may be noticed the wheezing breathing characteristic of broken wind, chronic bronchitis and asthma, roaring, whistling, etc., as already described, and the sound between a moan and grunt, produced in pneumonia especially in the ox.
EXPECTORATION.
This escapes almost exclusively by the nose in horses, because of the length of the soft palate. It may come from the mouth of other animals, especially when they cough. In the ox the discharge from the nose is rarely seen because of his licking it out with his tongue. Rattles (râles) in the larynx, trachea or bronchia, enable us to ascertain the source of such discharges.
The nasal discharge in acute catarrh, laryngitis or bronchitis, is thin, clear, and slightly viscid, becoming thick, whitish and flocculent as the disease advances. It is yellowish, thick, flocculent and intermixed with shreds of false membranes in diphtheria or in the croup of young foals and calves. It is clear, slightly viscid and watery at the onset of bronchitis. At the debut of pneumonia it is often reddish (rusty). It is bright, red, frothy and bloody in hæmoptysis. It is scanty, clear, watery, and containing minute white flocculi in pulmonary emphysema (broken wind). It is white, thick, curdy, and devoid of viscidity in chronic bronchitis or when a pulmonary abscess is being emptied. It is grayish, thick and flocculent in advanced pneumonia in the horse.
Cows in the advanced stages of pulmonary tuberculosis expectorate a yellowish, sticky matter containing minute hard masses often cretaceous. Calves and lambs suffering from strongyli in the lungs expel these in little pellets in the midst of a thick white material.
The expectoration is fetid, dark red and grumous in gangrene of the lungs.
In pulmonary tuberculosis and glanders the expectoration usually contains the respective bacilli.
CHARACTER OF THE EXPIRED AIR.
The breath is sensibly warmer in excited breathing, high fever, and acute bronchitis and pneumonia. It is cool in most chronic diseases, in advanced consumption and hydrothorax. Its odor is vegetable and acid in the acute indigestions of cattle, and fetid in many chronic diseases of the air passages attended with destruction of tissue, or the escape of imprisoned pus, but especially fetid in gangrenous sore throat or gangrene of the lung.