Text book of veterinary medicine, Volume 1 (of 5)

by James Law

The double lifting of the flank in expiration:—the act appearing to be performed by two distinct and successive acts is one of the most prominent symptoms of broken wind, but is not peculiar to this disorder. In the horse it exists in chronic bronchitis, dilatation of the right heart, old standing hydrothorax, and diaphragmatic hernia. It is further frequent in the acute diseases of the chest. In oxen it accompanies pulmonary emphysema, pulmonary consumption, dilatation of the heart, foreign bodies in the heart, and dropsy of the pericardium.

If accompanied by clear resonance over the chest, a permanent wheezing noise heard over the ribs, and the small, weak wheezy cough, it indicates emphysema (broken wind). If with strong impulse of the heart against the ribs behind the elbows, venous pulse in the jugulars, and modification of the second sound of the heart, it bespeaks cardiac dilatation or other heart disease. If with paroxysmal cough, white curdy nasal discharge and harsh rasping sounds heard at the lower part of the trachea or along the upper part of the lungs it betrays chronic bronchitis.

RELATIVE POSITION OF THE LUNGS, HEART AND OTHER ORGANS IN THE DIFFERENT DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Relative positions of thoracic organs. Diaphragm, heart, lung, in horse, ox, sheep, pig, dog. Palpitation.

The chest is that portion of the trunk closed in on each side by the ribs, above by the bones of the back, below by the breast bone, and behind by the diaphragm. It forms thus a cone flattened from side to side anteriorly, and with its base, represented by the diaphragm which slopes obliquely from above downward and forward and bulges forward in the centre to a greater or less extent according to the plenitude of the stomach and bowels. It results from this arrangement of the diaphragm that a very thin layer of lung only reaches to the posterior part of the chest, and that beneath this are solid and hollow abdominal organs which modify the results of physical examination.

In the Horse the anterior third of the chest is covered laterally by the bulky and muscular shoulders so that it cannot be satisfactorily examined. In the median line of the chest, at a point corresponding to the third, fourth, fifth and sixth intercostal spaces, is lodged the heart. It deviates slightly to the left side below and by virtue of a notch in the lower border of the lung is enabled here to reach the surface and its beats may be felt by the hand laid on the side of the chest just behind the left elbow.

In the Horse the diaphragm is attached by its outer border to the last rib, and to the lower ends of all the asternal ribs, and the extremity of the breast bone. A thin layer of lung accordingly extends to between the two last ribs superiorly and down to near the lower end of the asternal ribs. The subjacent abdominal organs are arranged as follows:—On the left side, and counting from below, the large intestines (double colon), the stomach and spleen and a portion of the left lobe of the liver:—on the right side, below, the large intestines, above, the liver and pancreas. Of these the stomach and intestines frequently contain gases, while the liver by its solidity gives a special solid character to the right posterior part of the chest. The spleen is too deeply situated to affect much the results of a physical examination. The greatest substance of lung is between the upper and middle thirds of the thorax. The anterior third is inaccessible on account of the shoulders, but more than usual may be reached by raising the fore limb and drawing it forcibly forwards. The space between the third and seventh ribs is occupied by the solid mass of the heart, which especially modifies the result of physical examination on the left side where a notch in the lung allows it to approach the surface.

In the ox the diaphragm is only attached to the last rib for two or three inches at its upper extremity; it is fixed to the second last rib as far down as about one-third of its length; thereafter it is attached in succession to the middle third of the third last, to the lower third of the fourth last, to the lower ends of the next two in succession and to the sternum. The result is that the lungs do not extend so far back relatively to the ribs as they do in the horse. They are virtually absent from the last intercostal space, present only in the upper third of the second last, in the upper two-thirds of the third last and reach the lower third only in the space between the ninth and tenth ribs. The paunch alone occupies the space beneath the asternal ribs on the left side, and the liver and the solid mass of the omasum and abomasum that beneath the right. The shoulders in fat improved beef breeds absolutely prevent examination of the anterior third of the chest, though in thin animals and dairy breeds and scrubs more of this may be exposed by raising the fore limb than in the horse. The heart corresponding in position to the third, fourth and fifth intercostal spaces is more completely covered by lung tissue and does not strike the left side so forcibly as in the horse.

In the sheep the lung extends to the last intercostal space, nearly as far as its lower end and the heart is covered on the left side as well as on the right by lung tissue. The shoulder is very movable and unless in very fat animals allows of an examination of the greater part of the anterior third of the chest.

In the pig fat and indocility combine to defeat our purpose in examination of the chest. If these can be obviated it is well to know that the diaphragm is attached to the upper two-thirds of the last rib, and to the next three in front above their lower third.