HERNIA OF THE BLADDER.
This is commonly seen in the mammalian female in connection with rupture of the floor of the vagina during dystokia. It has also been observed without such lesion in both male and female dogs and horses, the bladder forming a cystocele of the vagina, or bulging between the anus and the ischium.
Diagnosis is confirmed by careful palpation through the rectum. The folding of the bladder backward obstructs the exit of urine.
Treatment, essentially surgical, might include replacing of the organ and suturing of the wound, or, in the absence of a wound, evacuation of the bladder by a hypodermic needle, and replacing by palpation through the vagina or rectum. Sometimes suture of the vulva is desirable.
ANOMALIES OF THE BLADDER.
Persistent urachus. Seen in the new born and mainly in males. Antiseptic closure is essential after having ascertained that the urethra is pervious.
Imperforate cervix vesicæ. A case reported by Lapotre, in a calf, had no cervix, and the ureters were blocked by pea-shaped nodules.
Recto-vesical fistula. In a calf 13 days old the rectum opened into the bladder and the fæces and urine escaped by a pervious urachus. (Kaufmann and Blanc).
URETHRAL ANOMALIES.
Imperforations. In the new born male, foal, lamb, etc. Usually at the outer end, and it may be for some distance back. In one case the sheath was firmly adherent on the wall of the abdomen, thus shutting off all exit of urine. If the canal is absent only at the orifice or for a short distance, the urethra beyond this can be felt full of liquid and fluctuating. The patient being properly fixed a fine trochar is pushed from the end of the penis into the blind end of the urethra, which will be ascertained by the overcoming of resistance. The trochar is now withdrawn and the urine flows through the cannula. A catheter or sound is now tied in the passage to maintain it pervious until cicatrization shall have taken place.