English authorities report craters of 21 feet length and 8 feet depth blown out from an earth parapet by a single 200-lb. 8-in. howitzer shell. They also state that the projectile of the pneumatic dynamite gun has penetrated 40 feet of earth.

Owing to the rapid development of ordnance the current scientific and military periodicals are in general the only source from which the latest results in penetration, etc., can be obtained.

CONTENTS.

ATTACK OF FORTIFIED PLACES.
PAGE
[INTRODUCTION.]v
[CHAPTER I.
THE ATTACK WITHOUT THE USE OF REGULAR APPROACHES.]
ARTICLE
1.[Blockade,][1]
2.[Surprise,][2]
3.[Defence against Surprise,][4]
4.[Assault,][4]
5.[Dispositions for an Assault,][5]
6.[Defence against an Assault,][7]
7.[Bombardment,][8]
8.[Defence against a Bombardment,][10]
[CHAPTER II.
SIEGE OR ATTACK BY REGULAR APPROACHES, PRELIMINARY CONSTRUCTIONS,DEFINITIONS, ETC.]
9.[Siege, Progress of,][12]
10.[Tools and Appliances,][13]
[CHAPTER III.
TRENCHES, APPROACHES, PARALLELS, SAPS, SPLINTER-PROOFS AND PASSAGE OF THE DITCH.]
11.[Trenches,][15]
12.[Parallels,][15]
13.[Approaches,][16]
[TRACING AND CONSTRUCTING PARALLELS AND APPROACHES.]
14.[Tracing Parallels,][17]
15.[Tracing Approaches,][18]
16.[Posting Working Parties,][18]
[EXECUTION OF PARALLELS AND APPROACHES.]
17.[Simple Trench and Flying Sap,][20]
18.[Construction by Simple Trench,][20]
19.[Construction by Flying Sap,][22]
[SPLINTER-PROOF COVER.]
20.[Splinter-proofs,][23]
21.[Bomb-proofs,][25]
[SAPPING.]
22.[Definitions, etc.,][27]
23.[Full Sap,][28]
24.[Organization and Duties of Detachment,][28]
25.[Driving the Sap,][28]
26.[Breaking out a Sap from a Parallel,][30]
27.[Circular Place of Arms,][31]
28.[Shallow Sap,][31]
29.[Overground Approaches,][31]
30.[Double Sap,][32]
31.[Execution of the Double Sap,][32]
32.[Changing Direction of the Double Sap,][33]
33.[Breaking out a Double Sap from a Parallel,][33]
34.[Traversed Sap,][33]
35.[Traverse by Blinded Sap,][35]
36.[Crowning the Covered Way,][35]
37.[Trench Cavalier,][36]
38.[Former Methods of Sapping,][36]
39.[Passage of the Ditch,][37]
40.[A Wet Ditch without Current,][38]
41.[A Wet Ditch with Current,][40]
[CHAPTER IV.
BATTERIES, OBSERVATORIES, AND MAGAZINES.]
42.[Batteries Defined, etc.,][42]
43.[General Requirements of Siege-batteries,][42]
44.[Construction of Batteries for Field-guns,][43]
45.[Batteries for Siege-guns and Howitzers, Elevated and Sunken,—General Considerations,][44]
46.[Screens,][45]
47.[Exposed Sunken Battery,][46]
48.[Tracing the Battery,][47]
49.[Constructing the Central Passage and Splinter-proof,][48]
50.[Constructing the Battery,][49]
51.[Alternative Construction,][50]
52.[Splinter-proofs (additional),][50]
53.[Sunken Battery in a Parallel,][51]
54.[Battery behind Crest of a Hill,][53]
55.[Batteries on Sloping Ground,][53]
56.[Embrasures,][53]
57.[Observatories,][54]
58.[Drainage,][55]
59.[Mortar-batteries,][55]
60.[Magazines,][57]
61.[Cover for Magazines,][58]
62.[Location of Magazines,][58]
63.[Construction of a Magazine subject to Direct Fire only,][60]
64.[Manner of Executing the Work,][61]
65.[Mined Magazines,][61]
66.[Elevated Magazines,][62]
67.[Precautions against Dampness,][63]
[CHAPTER V.
SIEGE OPERATIONS.]
68.[The Attack—Successive Steps,][64]
69.[The First Period,][65]
70.[The Investment,][65]
71.[Bringing Up and Posting the Besieging Force,][67]
72.[Fortifying the Camps, Parks, etc.,][68]
73.[Distance of the Line of Investment from the Works,][70]
74.[Strength and Composition of the Besieging Force,][70]
75.[The Point of Attack,][73]
76.[First Artillery Position,][75]
77.[Opening Fire,][76]
78.[Plan of Attack,][78]
79.[The First Parallel,][78]
80.[Opening the Parallel,][80]
81.[The Second Artillery Position,][81]
82.[Counter-batteries,][82]
83.[Enfilading-batteries,][82]
84.[Breaching-batteries,][83]
85.[Batteries of Rifled Mortars and of Howitzers for Vertical Fire,][83]
86.[Opening and Conduct of Fire from Second Artillery Position,][83]
87.[Musketry Fire,][84]
88.[The Advance from the First Parallel,][84]
89.[The Second Parallel,][85]
90.[The Third Period,][86]
91.[Capture and Crowning of the Covered Way,][87]
92.[Breaching the Scarps and Counter-scarps,][88]
93.[Capture and Crowning of the Breach,][89]
94.[The Attack by Sap,][91]
95.[Additional Operations Necessary in the Attack of an Intrenched Camp,][91]
96.[Occupation of a Conquered Place,][93]
97.[Vauban’s Maxims,][94]
98.[Journal of the Attack,][97]
[CHAPTER VI.
THE DEFENCE.]
99.[Preliminary Considerations,][98]
100.[Garrison,][99]
101.[Armament,][100]
102.[Ammunition, Provisions and Supplies,][101]
103.[Sanitation and Hygiene,][101]
104.[Preparations for Defence,][101]
105.[Defence during the First Period,][103]
106.[Opening of Artillery Fire by the Defence,][104]
107.[Defence during the Bombardment and Assault,][105]
108.[Defence during the Second Period of the Siege,][106]
109.[Defence during the Third Period of the Siege,][107]
110.[The Capitulation,][109]
111.[Journal of the Defence,][110]
[CHAPTER VII.
PARKS, DEPOTS, SHELTERS AND HUTS, KITCHENS, OVENS, SINKS,LATRINES, WATER-SUPPLY, ETC.]
ARTICLEPAGE
112.[Parks and Depots,][111]
113.[Shelters and Huts,][113]
114.[Kitchens and Ovens,][114]
115.[Latrines, Sinks, etc.,][115]
116.[Water-supply,][116]
[PART II.]
[MILITARY MINING.]
[CHAPTER I.]
[NOMENCLATURE AND THEORY.]
ARTICLEPAGE
1.[Definitions,][119]
2.[Theory of Explosion,][120]
3.[Form and Volume of Crater,][121]
4.[Relation between Volume of Crater and Charge,][122]
4.[Miner’s Rule,][122]
5.[Charge for One Cubic Yard,][123]
6.[Rule for Common Mines in Ordinary Earth,][124]
7.[Overcharged and Undercharged Mines,][125]
7.[Deduction of Formula for Charge,][125]
8.[Relation between Charges of Common and Over- or Undercharged Mines,][127]
8.[Charge to Produce a Camouflet,][128]
9.[Radius of Rupture,][128]
10.[Theoretical Value of Radius of Rupture,][129]
11.[Values Adopted by English Authorities,][131]
12.[Theoretical Value Too Small,][131]
13.[High Explosives,][131]
14.[Experimental Determinations,][131]
15.[Choice of Explosives,][132]
16.[Probable Advantage of High Explosives for Overcharged Mines,][133]
17.[Relative Advantages and Disadvantages of Gunpowder and High Explosives,][134]
[CHAPTER II.
PRACTICAL OPERATIONS AND DETAILS.]
18.[Tools and Appliances, Description of,][136]
[GALLERIES AND SHAFTS.]
19.[Dimensions of Galleries and Shafts,][138]
20, 21.[Shaft and Gallery Linings,][139]
22.[Shaft and Gallery Frames,][140]
23.[Dimensions of Pieces of Frames, etc.,][141]
24.[Relative Advantages of Cases and Frames,][141]
25-28.[Sinking Shaft by Frames and Sheeting,][141]
29.[Precautions Needed,][144]
30.[Partly-lined Shafts,][145]
31.[Driving a Gallery with Frames and Sheeting,][145]
32.[Use of False Frame,][146]
33.[Use of Shield,][147]
34.[Inclined Galleries,][147]
35.[Position of Frames,][148]
36.[Partly-lined Galleries,][148]
37-39.[Change of Direction of Galleries with Frames and Sheeting,][148]
38.[Change of Slope, of Galleries,][149]
40, 41.[Returns,][150]
42, 43.[Maps and Drawings,][151]
44, 45.[Sinking a Shaft with Cases,][152]
46-48.[Driving a Gallery with Cases,][153]
49.[Change of Direction of Galley Lined with Cases,][154]
50, 51.[Change of Slope, 7 Galleries Lined with Cases,][155]
52.[Shafts à la Boule,][156]
53-55.[Blinded Galleries,][156]
56.[Rate of Advance of Galleries,][157]
[VENTILATION OF MINES.]
57.[Sources of Deleterious Gases,][158]
58.[Ventilation by Forcing in Air,][159]
59.[Ventilation by Exhausting Air,][159]
60.[Ventilation by Assisting Natural Ventilation,][160]
61.[Ventilation by Use of Masks, etc.,][160]
62.[Form, Size, and Location of Chambers,][160]
[LOADING AND FIRING MINES.]
63.[Preparing the Charge,][161]
64.[Distribution of Fuses in Charge,][161]
65.[Character and Construction of Fuses,][163]
66-68.[Electric Fuses,][163]
69.[Placing the Fuses in the Charge,][164]
70.[The Fuzes in Frozen Dynamite,][165]
71.[Placing the Charge,][165]
72.[Tamping Mines,][166]
73.[Firing Mines,][166]
[CAMOUFLETS BY BORING.]
74.[In Favorable Soil,][167]
75.[In Stony Soil,][168]
[CHAPTER III.
ORGANIZATION AND TACTICS OF MINES.]
76.[Organization of Mines,][169]
77.[The Attack,][169]
78.[The Lodgment, Galleries, Transverses, Listening-galleries, etc.,][170]
79.[Avoid Exposing a Flank,][171]
80.[Use Overcharged Mines,][171]
81.[The Defence,][171]
82.[Conditions to be Fulfilled,][171]
83.[System of Galleries Used,][172]
84.[Use Undercharged Mines,][172]
85.[Shaft Mines,][172]
[MINE TACTICS.]
86.[Tactics Derived from Results of Experience,][172]
87.[Todleben’s Rules,][173]
88.[The Attack,][173]
89.[The Defence,][174]
90.[Advantage Lies with Besieger,][176]
[BREACHING BY MINES.]
91.[Preparation of Wall Location and Size of Charge][176]
92.[Galleries behind Counter-scarps,][177]
93.[Galleries through Scarp,][177]
[CHAPTER IV.
BLASTING AND DEMOLITIONS.]
94-97.[Definitions; Tools and Appliances,][178]
98.[Tamping Blasts,][179]
99.[Determining the Charge,][179]
100.[Precautions,][180]
[DEMOLITIONS.]
101.[Deliberate Demolitions,][180]
102.[Hasty Demolitions,][181]
103.[Houses and Magazines,][181]
104.[Walls,][181]
105.[Stockades,][182]
106.[Bridges,][182]
107.[Tunnels, Canal-locks, etc.,][183]
108.[Railroads,][183]
109.[Rolling-stock,][184]
110.[Excess of Explosive to be Used,][184]

ATTACK OF FORTIFIED PLACES.

CHAPTER I.
THE ATTACK WITHOUT THE USE OF REGULAR APPROACHES.

1. A fortified position may be taken by blockade, surprise, assault, bombardment, or siege.