[67] Unless is simply on less, corresponding to Fr. à moins, and is equivalent to if not.—F.
Let us now pass to another case.
“Although the ship was well manned, it was lost.” The two predications may change places, without change of meaning. “The ship was lost, although it was well manned.”
What (as above) was to be marked by else, unless, if not, except, and so on, was the connexion between a cause and its usual effect; that is, the manning of a ship, and the safety of the ship. What is to be marked in this case is the want of connexion between a cause and its usual effect. It is done by similar means.
Although is part of an obsolete verb, to allow, to grant.[68] The two predications are: “The ship was well manned,” “The ship was lost.” I want to mark between my two predications not only a connexion, that of the antecedence and consequence of the predicated events, but the existence of a consequent differing from that by which the antecedent is usually followed. Although, prefixed to the predication of the antecedent event, gives notice of another predication, that of the consequent, and of a consequent differing from that by which the antecedent might have been 220 followed: Grant such an antecedent, such and not such was the consequent.
[68] Although is a compound pronominal adverb resembling Lat. tamen, and means “(the case being) quite thus (yet).”—F.
The same connection is marked by other conjunctions. “The ship was well manned, nevertheless it was lost.” Nevertheless, means not less for that.[69] “Notwithstanding the ship was well manned, it was lost.” Notwithstanding, is, not being able to prevent, maugre, in spite of. The resolution of the above sentences is obvious. “The ship was well manned, yet it was lost.” Yet is the verb get, and has here the force of although, grant. “The ship was well manned, yet (or got, that being got, had, granted) it was lost.”[70] “The ship was well manned, still, it was lost.” Still is part of an obsolete verb, to put, to fix, to establish. “The ship was well manned, still (that put, that supposed) it was lost.”[71]
[69] Nevertheless means literally, “not less by (or for) that.” In this compound the is not the article, but an adverb, in Ang. Sax. thy, “by that much,” and corresponds to Lat. eo in the expression eo minus.—F.
[70] Yet is of pronominal origin like Gr. ἴτι, Ger. jetzt, and has no connection with the verb get.—F.
[71] Still seems to be the adjective still, quiet, used adverbially, and having the force of “undisturbed, uninterrupted by that.”—F.