The Ghost-dance religion and the Sioux outbreak of 1890

by James Mooney

		Page
[Introduction]		653
[The narrative]		657
Chapter [I]—	Paradise lost	657
[II]—	The Delaware prophet and Pontiac	662
[III]—	Tenskwatawa the Shawano prophet	670
[IV]—	Tecumtha and Tippecanoe	681
[V]—	Känakûk and minor prophets	692
	[Känakûk]	692
	[Pa′thĕskĕ]	700
	[Tä′vibo]	701
	[Nakai′-doklĭ′ni]	704
	[The Potawatomi prophet]	705
	[Cheez-tah-paezh the Sword-bearer]	706
[VI]—	The Smohalla religion of the Columbia region	708
	[Smohalla]	708
	[Joseph and the Nez Percé war]	711
[VII]—	Smohalla and his doctrine	716
[VIII]—	The Shakers of Puget sound	746
[IX]—	Wovoka the messiah	764
[X]—	The doctrine of the Ghost dance	777
	[Appendix:]
	[The Mormons and the Indians]	792
	[Porcupine’s account of the messiah]	793
	[The Ghost dance among the Sioux]	796
	[Selwyn’s interview with Kuwapi]	798
[XI]—	The Ghost dance west of the Rockies	802
[XII]—	The Ghost dance east of the Rockies—among the Sioux	816
	[Appendix: Causes of the outbreak]	829
	[Commissioner Morgan’s statement]	829
	[Ex-Agent McGillycuddy’s statement]	831
	[Statement of General Miles]	833
	[Report of Captain Hurst]	836
	[Statement of American Horse]	839
	[Statement of Bishop Hare]	840
[XIII]—	The Sioux outbreak—Sitting Bull and Wounded Knee	843
	[Appendix: The Indian story of Wounded Knee]	884
[XIV]—	Close of the outbreak—The Ghost dance in the south	887
[XV]—	The ceremony of the Ghost dance	915
	[Among the northern Cheyenne]	915
	[Among the Sioux]	915
	[Song rehearsals]	918
	[Preparations for the dance]	918
	[Giving the feather]	919
	[The painting of the dancers]	919
	[The ceremony]	920
	[The crow dance]	921
	[The hypnotic process]	922
	[The area covered by the dance]	926
	[Present condition of the dance]	927
[XVI]—	Parallels in other systems	928
	[The Biblical period]	928
	[Mohammedanism]	930
	[Joan of Arc]	932
	[Dance of Saint John]	935
	[The Flagellants]	935
	[Ranters, Quakers, and Fifth-Monarchy men]	936
	[French prophets]	938
	[Jumpers]	939
	[Methodists]	939
	[Shakers]	941
	[Kentucky revival]	942
	[Adventists]	944
	[Other parallels]	945
	[Beekmanites]	945
	[Patterson and Brown’s mission]	946
	[Wilderness worshipers]	946
	[Heavenly recruits]	947
	[Appendix: Hypnotism and the dance among the Dervishes]	948
[The songs]		953
[Introductory]		953
[The Arapaho]		953
[Tribal synonymy]		953
[Tribal signs]		954
[Sketch of the tribe]		954
[Songs of the Arapaho]		958
[1.]	Opening song: Eyehe′! nä′nisa′na—O, my children!	958
[2.]	Sĕ′icha′ hei′ta′wuni′na—The sacred pipe tells me	959
[3.]	Ate′bĕ tiăwu′nănu′—When at first I liked the whites	961
[4.]	A′bä′ni′hi′—My partner	962
[5.]	A′-nisûna′a′hu—My father	962
[6.]	E′yehe′! Wû′nayu′uhu′—E′yehe′!—They are new	963
[7.]	Hi′sähi′hi—My partner! My partner	964
[8.]	Ä′-nani′ni′bi′nä′si waku′na—The wind makes the head-feathers sing	965
[9.]	He′! Näne′th bi′shiqa′wă—When I met him approaching	965
[10.]	Häna′na′wunănu—I take pity on those	966
[11.]	A-ni′qu wa′wanä′nibä′tia′—Father, now I am singing it	966
[12.]	Ha′yana′-usi′ya′—How bright is the moonlight!	966
[13.]	Ha′ti ni′bät—The cottonwood song	967
[14.]	Eyehe′! A′nie′sa′na′—The young Thunderbirds	968
[15.]	A′he′sûna′nini năya′qûti′hi—Our father, the Whirlwind	970
[16.]	A′he′sûna′nini năya′qûti′—Our father, the Whirlwind	970
[17.]	Ninaä′niahu′na—I circle around	970
[18.]	Ha′nahawu′nĕn bĕni′ni′na—The Hanahawunĕn gave it to me	971
[19.]	Ate′be′ tana′-ise′ti—When first our father came	971
[20.]	A-ni′änĕ′thăhi′nani′na—My father did not recognize me	972
[21.]	Ni′-athu′-a-u′ ă′hakä′nith′iĭ—The whites are crazy	972
[22.]	Na′ha′ta bi′taa′wu—The earth is about to move	973
[23.]	Ahe′sûna′nini ächiqa′hă′wa-ŭ′—I am looking at my father	973
[24.]	Ha′ănake′i—The rock	973
[25.]	Wa′wa′na′danä′diă′—I am about to hum	974
[26.]	A-te′bĕ dii′nĕtita′niĕg—At the beginning of existence	975
[27.]	Tahu′na′änä′nia′huna—It is I who make the thunder	976
[28.]	Ani′qu ne′chawu′nani′—Father, have pity on me	977
[29.]	A-ni′niha′niahu′na—I fly around yellow	977
[30.]	Niha′nata′yeche′ti—The yellow hide	978
[31.]	A-bää′thina′hu—The cedar tree	978
[32.]	Wa′wa nû′nanû′naku′ti—Now I am waving an eagle feather	979
[33.]	A-ni′qana′ga—There is a solitary bull	980
[34.]	A-nĕä′thibiwă′hană—The place where crying begins	981
[35.]	Thi′äya′ he′năă′awă—When I see the thi′äya	981
[36.]	A-hu′hu ha′geni′sti′ti—The crow is making a road	982
[37.]	Bi′taa′wu hu′hu′—The crow brought the earth	983
[38.]	Ni′nini′tubi′na hu′hu′ (I)—The crow has called me	983
[39.]	Nû′nanû′naa′tăni′na hu′hu′ (I)—The crow is circling above me	984
[40.]	I′yu hä′thäbĕ′nawa′—Here it is, I hand it to you	984
[41.]	Ha′naě′hi ya′ga′ahi′na—Little boy, the coyote gun	984
[42.]	He′sûna′ na′nahatha′hi—The father showed me	985
[43.]	Nänisa′tăqu′thi Chĭnachi′chibä′iha′—The seven venerable priests	986
[44.]	Nä′nisa′tăqi Chĭ′năchi′chibä′iha′—The seven venerable priests	990
[45.]	Nû′nanû′naa′tani′na hu′hu′ (II)	990
[46.]	Na′tănu′ya chĕ′bi′nh—The pemmican that I am using	991
[47.]	Häĭ′nawa′ hä′ni′ta′quna′ni—I know, in the pitfall	991
[48.]	Bä′hinä′nina′tä ni′tabä′na—I hear everything	993
[49.]	A-bä′qati′ hä′nichä′bi′hinä′na—With the wheel I am gambling	994
[50.]	Ani′äsa′kua′na—I am watching	995
[51.]	Ni′chī′ă i′theti′hi—(There) is a good river	995
[52.]	Ni′nini′tubi′na hu′hu′ (II)	996
[53.]	Anihä′ya atani′tă′nu′nawa′—I use the yellow (paint)	997
[54.]	Ni′naä′niahu′tawa bi′taa′wu—I am flying about the earth	997
[55.]	I′nita′ta′-usä′na—Stand ready	998
[56.]	Wa′wäthä′bi—I have given you magpie feathers	998
[57.]	Ani′qa hĕ′tabi′nuhu′ni′na—My father, I am poor	999
[58.]	Nä′nisa′taqu′thi hu′na—The seven crows	999
[59.]	Ahu′nä he′sûna′nĭn—There is our father	1000
[60.]	Ga′awa′hu—The ball, the ball	1000
[61.]	Ahu′ ni′higa′hu—The Crow is running	1000
[62.]	Ya′thä-yû′na—He put me in five places	1001
[63.]	Ni′naä′qa′wa chibä′ti—I am going around the sweat-house	1001
[64.]	Hise′hi—My comrade	1002
[65.]	Na′tu′wani′sa—My top, my top	1005
[66.]	He′nä′ga′nawa′nen—When we dance until daylight	1006
[67.]	Ni′nä′nina′ti′naku′ni′na—I wear the morning star	1006
[68.]	A-ne′na′ tabi′ni′na—My mother gave it to me	1007
[69.]	Yĭ′hä′ä′ä′hi′hĭ′—Gambling song (Paiute gambling songs)	1008
[70.]	Ni′qa-hu′hu′—My father, my father	1010
[71.]	A′hu′nawu′hu′—With red paint	1010
[72.]	Ani′qa naga′qu—Father, the Morning Star	1010
[73.]	Ahu′yu häthi′na—Closing song	1011
[Arapaho glossary]		1012
[The Cheyenne]		1023
[Tribal synonymy]		1023
[Tribal sign]		1024
[Sketch of the tribe]		1024
[Songs of the Cheyenne]		1028
[1.]	O′tä nä′nisĭ′näsists—Well, my children	1028
[2.]	Ehä′n esho′ini′—Our father has come	1028
[3.]	Nä′niso′näsĭ′stsihi′—My children	1029
[4.]	Nä′see′nehe′ ehe′yowo′mi—I waded into the yellow river	1030
[5.]	Wosi′vä-ă′ă′—The mountain is circling	1030
[6.]	Ni′ha-i′hi′hi′—My father, I come	1031
[7.]	Hi′awu′hi—We have put the devil aside	1031
[8.]	Ni′ha e′yehe′!—My father, my father	1031
[9.]	Ä′minû′qi—My comrade	1032
[10.]	He′stutu′ai—The buffalo head	1032
[11.]	Nä′mio′ts—I am coming in sight	1034
[12.]	A′gachi′hi—The crow is circling	1034
[13.]	Nä′nise′näsĕ′stse—My children, I am now humming	1034
[14.]	Ogo′ch ehe′eye′!—The crow, the crow	1035
[15.]	Tsĭso′soyo′tsĭto′ho—While I was going about	1035
[16.]	Ni′ha e′yehe′e′yeye′!—My father, my father	1036
[17.]	A′ga′ch ehe′e′ye′!—The crow, the crow	1037
[18.]	Nä′niso′näsĭ′stsi he′e′ye′!—My children, my children	1037
[19.]	A′guga-ihi—The crow woman	1038
[Cheyenne glossary]		1039
[The Comanche]		1043
[Tribal synonymy]		1043
[Tribal sign]		1043
[Sketch of the tribe]		1043
[Songs of the Comanche]		1046
[1.]	Heyo′hänä häe′yo	1046
[2.]	Ya′hi′yû′niva′hu	1047
[3.]	Yani′tsini′hawa′na	1047
[4.]	Ni′nini′tuwi′na	1047
[The Paiute, Washo, and Pit River tribes]		1048
[Paiute tribal synonymy]		1048
[Sketch of the Paiute]		1048
[Characteristics]		1048
[Genesis myth]		1050
[The Washo]		1051
[The Pit River Indians]		1052
[Songs of the Paiute]		1052
[1.]	Nüvä ka ro′răni′—The snow lies there	1052
[2.]	Dĕna′ gayo′n—A slender antelope	1053
[3.]	Do tĭ′mbi—The black rock	1053
[4.]	Päsü′ wĭ′noghän—The wind stirs the willows	1053
[5.]	Pägü′nävä′—Fog! Fog!	1054
[6.]	Wûmbĭ′ndomä′n—The whirlwind	1054
[7.]	Kosi′ wûmbi′ndomä′—There is dust from the whirlwind	1054
[8.]	Dombi′na so′wina′—The rocks are ringing	1055
[9.]	Sû′ng-ä ro′yonji′—The cottonwoods are growing tall	1055
[Paiute glossary]		1056
[The Sioux]		1057
[Tribal synonymy]		1057
[Tribal sign]		1057
[Sketch of the tribe]		1058
[Songs of the Sioux]		1061
[1.]	Opening song: A′te he′ye e′yayo—The father says so	1061
[2.]	Michĭ′nkshi nañpe—My son, let me grasp your hand	1061
[3.]	He tuwe′cha he—Who think you comes there?	1064
[4.]	Wana′yañ ma′niye—Now he is walking	1064
[5.]	Lechel miyo′qañ-kte—This is to be my work	1065
[6.]	Michinkshi′yi tewa′qila che—I love my children	1065
[7.]	Mila kiñ hiyu′michi′chiyana—Give me my knife	1065
[8.]	Le he′yahe′—This one says	1068
[9.]	Niya′te-ye′ he′u′we—It is your father coming	1068
[10.]	Miyo′qañ kiñ wañla′ki—You see what I can do	1068
[11.]	Michĭ′nkshi mita′waye—It is my own child	1069
[12.]	A′te he′ u-we—There is the father coming	1069
[13.]	Wa′sna wa′tiñ-kta—I shall eat pemmican	1069
[14.]	A′te lena ma′qu-we—The father gave us these	1069
[15.]	Ina′ he′kuwo′—Mother, come home	1070
[16.]	Wa′na wanasa′pi-kta—Now they are about to chase the buffalo	1070
[17.]	He! kii′ñyañka a′gali′-ye—He! They have come back racing	1071
[18.]	Mī′ye wañma′yañka-yo!—Look at me!	1071
[19.]	Maka′ sito′maniyañ—The whole world is coming	1072
[20.]	Le′na wa′kañ—These sacred things	1072
[21.]	Miyo′qañ kiñ chichu′-che—I have given you my strength	1072
[22.]	Michĭ′nkshi take′na—My child, come this way	1073
[23.]	Wana wichĕ′shka—Now set up the tipi	1073
[24.]	A′te mi′chuye—Father, give them to me	1074
[25.]	Hañpa wecha′ghe—I made moccasins for him	1074
[26.]	Waka′ñyañ iñya′ñkiñ-kte—The holy (hoop) shall run	1075
[Sioux glossary]		1075
[The Kiowa and Kiowa Apache]		1078
[Kiowa tribal synonymy]		1078
[Kiowa tribal sign]		1078
[Sketch of the Kiowa]		1078
[The Kiowa Apache]		1081
[Songs of the Kiowa]		1081
[1.]	Da′ta-i so′da′te—The father will descend	1081
[2.]	Da′k̔i′ñago (ĭm) zä′nteähe′dal—The spirit army is approaching	1082
[3.]	Gu′ato ädâ′ga—I scream because I am a bird	1082
[4.]	Da′ta-i nyä′hoănga′mo—The father shows me the road	1083
[5.]	Dak̔iñ′a bate′yä—The spirit (God) is approaching	1083
[6.]	Na′da′g äka′na—Because I am poor	1084
[7.]	Ze′bät-gâ′ga igu′ănpa′-ima′—He makes me dance with arrows	1084
[8.]	Be′ta! To′ngyä-gu′adăl—Red Tail has been sent	1085
[9.]	Da′ta-i änka′ñgo′na—My father has much pity for us	1085
[10.]	Da′ta-i iñka′ñtähe′dal—My father has had pity on me	1085
[11.]	Dak̔iñ′ago äho′ähe′dal—The spirit host is advancing	1086
[12.]	E′hyu′ñi degi′ăta—I am mashing the berries	1087
[13.]	Go′mgyä-da′ga—That wind shakes my tipi	1087
[14.]	Dak̔iñ′a daka′ñtähe′dal—God has had pity on us	1087
[15.]	Anso′ gyätä′to—I shall cut off his feet	1088
[Kiowa glossary]		1088
[The Caddo and associated tribes]		1092
[Caddo tribal synonymy]		1092
[Caddo tribal sign]		1092
[Sketch of the Caddo]		1092
[The Wichita, Kichai, and Delaware]		1095
[Songs of the Caddo]		1096
[1.]	Ha′yo ta′ia′ ă′ă′—Our father dwells above	1096
[2.]	Wû′nti ha′yano′ di′witi′a—All our people are going up	1096
[3.]	Nûna ĭ′tsiya′—I have come	1097
[4.]	Na′tsiwa′ya—I am coming	1097
[5.]	Na′-iye′ ino′ ga′nio′sĭt—My sister above	1097
[6.]	Na′a ha′yo ha′wano—Our father above (has) paint	1098
[7.]	Wû′nti ha′yano ka′ka′na′—All the people cried	1098
[8.]	Na′wi i′na—We have our mother below	1098
[9.]	Ni′ ika′ na′a—Our grandmother and our father above	1099
[10.]	Hi′na ha′natobi′na—The eagle feather headdress	1099
[11.]	Na′ aa′ o′wi′ta′—The father comes from above	1099
[12.]	Na′ iwi′ o′wi′ta′—See! the eagle comes	1100
[13.]	A′nana′ hana′nito′—The feather has come back	1101
[14.]	Na′ iwi′ ha′naa′—There is an eagle above	1101
[15.]	Wi′tŭ′ Ha′sini′—Come on, Caddo	1101
[Caddo glossary]		1102
[Authorities cited]		1104

ILLUSTRATIONS

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		Page
Plate [LXXXV.]	Map of the Indian reservations of the United States showing the approximate area of the Ghost dance	653
[LXXXVI.]	The prayer-stick	698
[LXXXVII.]	Chief Joseph	712
[LXXXVIII.]	Map showing the distribution of the tribes of the upper Columbia	716
[LXXXIX.]	Smohalla and his priests	721
[XC.]	Smohalla church on Yakima reservation	723
[XCI.]	Interior of Smohalla church	727
[XCII.]	Winter view in Mason valley showing snow-covered sagebrush	769
[XCIII.]	Sioux ghost shirts from Wounded Knee battlefield	789
[XCIV.]	Sioux sweat-house and sacrifice pole	823
[XCV.]	Map of the country embraced in the campaign against the Sioux	850
[XCVI.]	Map of Standing Rock agency and vicinity	855
[XCVII.]	Map of Wounded Knee battlefield	869
[XCVIII.]	After the battle	873
[XCIX.]	Battlefield of Wounded Knee	875
[C.]	Burying the dead	877
[CI.]	Grave of the dead at Wounded Knee	879
[CII.]	Battlefield after the blizzard	881
[CIII.]	Arapaho ghost shirt, showing coloring	895
[CIV.]	Arapaho ghost shirt—reverse	897
[CV.]	Black Coyote	898
[CVI.]	Biäñk̔i, the Kiowa dreamer	908
[CVII.]	Biäñk̔i’s vision	910
[CVIII.]	Kiowa summer shelter	913
[CIX.]	The Ghost dance (buckskin painting)	915
[CX.]	Sacred objects from the Sioux Ghost dance	916
[CXI.]	Sacred objects from the Sioux Ghost dance	918
[CXII.]	The Ghost dance—small circle	921
[CXIII.]	The Ghost dance—larger circle	923
[CXIV.]	The Ghost dance—large circle	925
[CXV.]	The Ghost dance—praying	927
[CXVI.]	The Ghost dance—inspiration	929
[CXVII.]	The Ghost dance—rigid	931
[CXVIII.]	The Ghost dance—unconscious	933
[CXIX.]	The crow dance	935
[CXX.]	Arapaho bed	962
[CXXI.]	The sweat-lodge: Kiowa camp on the Washita	981
[CXXII.]	Dog-soldier insignia	988
Figure [56.]	Tenskwatawa the Shawano prophet, 1808 and 1831	670
[57.]	Greenville treaty medal	671
[58.]	Tecumtha	682
[59.]	Harrison treaty pipe	688
[60.]	Känakûk the Kickapoo prophet	693
[61.]	Känakûk’s heaven	694
[62.]	Onsawkie	698
[63.]	Nakai′-doklĭ′ni’s dance-wheel	704
[64.]	Smohalla’s flag	726
[65.]	Charles Ike, Smohalla interpreter	728
[66.]	Diagram showing arrangement of worshipers at Smohalla service	729
[67.]	John Slocum and Louis Yowaluch	746
[68.]	Shaker church at Mud bay	758
[69.]	Wovoka	764
[70.]	Navaho Indians	810
[71.]	Vista in the Hopi pueblo of Walpi	812
[72.]	A Sioux warrior—Weasel Bear	844
[73.]	Red Cloud	846
[74.]	Short Bull	851
[75.]	Kicking Bear	853
[76.]	Red Tomahawk	856
[77.]	Sitting Bull the Sioux medicine-man	858
[78.]	Sketch of the country of the Sitting Bull fight, December 15, 1890	859
[79.]	Survivors of Wounded Knee—Blue Whirlwind and children	877
[80.]	Survivors of Wounded Knee—Marguerite Zitkala-noni	878
[81.]	Survivors of Wounded Knee—Jennie Sword	879
[82.]	Survivors of Wounded Knee—Herbert Zitkalazi	880
[83.]	Sitting Bull the Arapaho apostle	896
[84.]	Two Kiowa prophecies (from a Kiowa calendar)	907
[85.]	Poor Buffalo	908
[86.]	Sitting Bull comes down (from a Kiowa calendar)	909
[87.]	Ā′piatañ	912
[88.]	Arapaho tipi and windbreak	957
[89.]	Bed of the prairie tribes	963
[90.]	Shinny stick and ball	964
[91.]	Wakuna or head-feathers	964
[92.]	The Thunderbird	969
[93.]	Hummer and bull-roarer	974
[94.]	Dog-soldier insignia—rattle and quirt	987
[95.]	Diagram of awl game	1002
[96.]	Sticks used in awl game	1003
[97.]	Trump sticks used in awl game	1003
[98.]	Baskets used in dice game	1004
[99.]	Dice used in dice game	1005
[100.]	Cheyenne camping circle	1026
[101.]	Paiute wikiup	1049
[102.]	Native drawings of Ghost dance—A, Comanche; B, Sioux	1060
[103.]	Jerking beef	1066
[104.]	Kiowa camping circle	1080

PL. LXXXV

JULIUS BIEN & CO. N.Y.

INDIAN RESERVATIONS
OF THE
UNITED STATES
IN 1890
Showing approximate area
of the Ghost Dance

THE GHOST-DANCE RELIGION

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