§ 393. The following is a list of composite names which may be found to symbolize the four elements. The elements are designated by their respective abbreviations: E for earth, F for fire; A for air, and W for water. The interrogation mark after any name denotes a provisional or conjectural assignment.
- Turtle Grizzly-bear (W + E).
- Grizzly-bear Small-bird (E + A).
- Cloud Grizzly-bear (F? + E).
- Grizzly-bear Buffalo-bull (E + ?).
- Fire Grizzly-bear (F + E).
- Sun Grizzly-bear (F + E).
- Ghost Grizzly-bear (? + E).
Grizzly-bear Weasel, given as “Weasel Bear” in 4th An. Rept. Bur.
- Eth., Pl. LXIX, No. 174.
Iron Grizzly-bear (“Iron” is generally denoted by blue in the Dakota pictographs. See § 107.)
- Bald-eagle Grizzly-bear (A? + E).
Shield Grizzly-bear. (The shield is on the bear’s side, 4th Eth., Pl. LXIII, No. 62.)
- Crow Grizzly-bear.
Whirlwind Grizzly-bear. (The whirlwind precedes in the pictograph, 4th Eth., Pl. LVIII, No. 77.)
- Hawk Thunder-being.
Pigeon Thunder-being. (A ┴ɔiwere name—not yet found in Dakota.)
- Buffalo-bull Thunder-being.
- Grizzly-bear Thunder-being (E + F).
- Fire Thunder-being (F + F).
- Elk Thunder-being.
- Pipe Thunder-being. (4th Eth., Pl. LXXI, No. 179, a winged pipe.)
- Cloud Thunder-being.
- Horse Thunder-being.
- Iron Thunder-being. (See § 107.)
- Earth Thunder-being (E + F.)
- Black-Bird Eagle.
- Eagle Hawk. (4th Eth., Pl. LVI, No. 53.)
Eagle Small-bird. (4th Eth., Pl. LXVI, No. 116.)
- Grizzly-bear Eagle. (4th Eth., Pl. LXIX, No. 170; a bear with an
- eagle’s tail.)
Horse Eagle. (4th Eth., Pl. LXVIII, No. 153; horse body and eagle’s tail.)
Dog Eagle. (4th Eth., Pl. LII, No. 9; dog with eagle’s tail.)
Eagle Swallow. (4th Eth., Pl. LXXIX, No. 282; eagle with forked tail of a swallow).
- Cloud Eagle.
- Iron Deer.
- Cloud Dog.
- Buffalo-bull Small-bird.
- Mountain Buffalo-bull.
- Crow Buffalo-bull.
- Buffalo-bull Dog.
- Cloud Buffalo-bull.
- Buffalo-bull Man (i. e., Indian).
- Buffalo-bull Ghost.
- Stone Buffalo-bull.
Buffalo-bull Buffalo-cow (the only name in which both sexes are given).
- Iron Buffalo-bull. (See § 107.)
- Buffalo-bull Wind.
- Buffalo-cow Eagle.
Iron Buffalo. (N. B.—It is uncertain to which element the buffalo should be assigned. He seems to be associated with all of them.)
- Sun-dog (F? + E?).
- Eagle Thunder-Being (A? + F).
Elk Eagle. (4th Eth., Pl. LXX, No. 178; an elk’s horns and eagle’s tail.)
- Sun Eagle (F + A).
- Star Eagle (F? + A).
- Stone Eagle (E? + A).
- Iron Eagle.
- Crow Eagle.
- Owl Eagle.
- Weasel Eagle.
- Grizzly-bear Hawk.
- Fire Hawk.
- Scarlet Hawk Whirlwind.
- Hawk Ghost.
Iron Hawk. (4th Eth., Pl. LVI, No. 47; the hawk is blue.)
- Iron Wolf.
- Wolf Ghost.
- Fire Wind (F + A).
- Fire Lightning.
- Iron Lightning.
- Iron Star.
Iron Boy. (4th Eth., Pl. LVIII, No. 81; a boy painted blue.)
Iron Crow. (4th Eth., Pl. LVI, No. 47; a crow painted blue.)
- Crow Ghost.
- Iron Elk.
Female-elk Boy. (4th Eth., Pl. LVII, No. 66; the head and shoulders of a boy joined to a female elk.)
- Iron Dog.
- Dog Ghost.
- Bowlder Thunder-Being (E + F).
- Iron Whirlwind.
- Iron Beaver.
- Small-bird Beaver.
- Iron Owl.
- Cloud Hail.
- Iron Cloud.
- Fire Cloud.
- Iron Wind.
- Stone Ghost.
- Cloud Black-bear.
- Hermaphrodite Ghost(!)
- Iron Kingfisher.
- Cloud Horse.
- Iron Horse.
- Lightning Horse.
- Earth (or Ground) Horse.
- Wind Horse.
- Fire Horse.
- Black-bird Horse.
Small-bird Man (or, Indian; 4th Eth., Pl. LIV, No. 28; bird’s head and wings on a man’s body).
- Dog Rattlesnake.
- Turtle Grizzly-bear (W + E).
- Grizzly-bear Small-bird (E + A).
- Cloud Grizzly-bear (F? + E).
- Grizzly-bear Buffalo-bull (E + ?).
- Fire Grizzly-bear (F + E).
- Sun Grizzly-bear (F + E).
- Ghost Grizzly-bear (? + E).
- Grizzly-bear Weasel, given as “Weasel Bear” in 4th An. Rept. Bur.
- Eth., Pl. LXIX, No. 174.
- Iron Grizzly-bear (“Iron” is generally denoted by blue in the Dakota pictographs. See § 107.)
- Bald-eagle Grizzly-bear (A? + E).
- Shield Grizzly-bear. (The shield is on the bear’s side, 4th Eth., Pl. LXIII, No. 62.)
- Crow Grizzly-bear.
- Whirlwind Grizzly-bear. (The whirlwind precedes in the pictograph, 4th Eth., Pl. LVIII, No. 77.)
- Hawk Thunder-being.
- Pigeon Thunder-being. (A ┴ɔiwere name—not yet found in Dakota.)
- Buffalo-bull Thunder-being.
- Grizzly-bear Thunder-being (E + F).
- Fire Thunder-being (F + F).
- Elk Thunder-being.
- Pipe Thunder-being. (4th Eth., Pl. LXXI, No. 179, a winged pipe.)
- Cloud Thunder-being.
- Horse Thunder-being.
- Iron Thunder-being. (See § 107.)
- Earth Thunder-being (E + F.)
- Black-Bird Eagle.
- Eagle Hawk. (4th Eth., Pl. LVI, No. 53.)
- Eagle Small-bird. (4th Eth., Pl. LXVI, No. 116.)
- Grizzly-bear Eagle. (4th Eth., Pl. LXIX, No. 170; a bear with an
- eagle’s tail.)
- Horse Eagle. (4th Eth., Pl. LXVIII, No. 153; horse body and eagle’s tail.)
- Dog Eagle. (4th Eth., Pl. LII, No. 9; dog with eagle’s tail.)
- Eagle Swallow. (4th Eth., Pl. LXXIX, No. 282; eagle with forked tail of a swallow).
- Cloud Eagle.
- Iron Deer.
- Cloud Dog.
- Buffalo-bull Small-bird.
- Mountain Buffalo-bull.
- Crow Buffalo-bull.
- Buffalo-bull Dog.
- Cloud Buffalo-bull.
- Buffalo-bull Man (i. e., Indian).
- Buffalo-bull Ghost.
- Stone Buffalo-bull.
- Buffalo-bull Buffalo-cow (the only name in which both sexes are given).
- Iron Buffalo-bull. (See § 107.)
- Buffalo-bull Wind.
- Buffalo-cow Eagle.
- Iron Buffalo. (N. B.—It is uncertain to which element the buffalo should be assigned. He seems to be associated with all of them.)
- Sun-dog (F? + E?).
- Eagle Thunder-Being (A? + F).
- Elk Eagle. (4th Eth., Pl. LXX, No. 178; an elk’s horns and eagle’s tail.)
- Sun Eagle (F + A).
- Star Eagle (F? + A).
- Stone Eagle (E? + A).
- Iron Eagle.
- Crow Eagle.
- Owl Eagle.
- Weasel Eagle.
- Grizzly-bear Hawk.
- Fire Hawk.
- Scarlet Hawk Whirlwind.
- Hawk Ghost.
- Iron Hawk. (4th Eth., Pl. LVI, No. 47; the hawk is blue.)
- Iron Wolf.
- Wolf Ghost.
- Fire Wind (F + A).
- Fire Lightning.
- Iron Lightning.
- Iron Star.
- Iron Boy. (4th Eth., Pl. LVIII, No. 81; a boy painted blue.)
- Iron Crow. (4th Eth., Pl. LVI, No. 47; a crow painted blue.)
- Crow Ghost.
- Iron Elk.
- Female-elk Boy. (4th Eth., Pl. LVII, No. 66; the head and shoulders of a boy joined to a female elk.)
- Iron Dog.
- Dog Ghost.
- Bowlder Thunder-Being (E + F).
- Iron Whirlwind.
- Iron Beaver.
- Small-bird Beaver.
- Iron Owl.
- Cloud Hail.
- Iron Cloud.
- Fire Cloud.
- Iron Wind.
- Stone Ghost.
- Cloud Black-bear.
- Hermaphrodite Ghost(!)
- Iron Kingfisher.
- Cloud Horse.
- Iron Horse.
- Lightning Horse.
- Earth (or Ground) Horse.
- Wind Horse.
- Fire Horse.
- Black-bird Horse.
- Small-bird Man (or, Indian; 4th Eth., Pl. LIV, No. 28; bird’s head and wings on a man’s body).
- Dog Rattlesnake.
There are several “Waśićun” names: Cloud Waśićun, Fire Waśićun, Night Waśićun, and Iron Waśićun. The last one has for its pictograph a man with a hat, i. e., a white man, and can hardly have any mystic significance. The name, Waśićun, originally meant “guardian spirit,” but it is now applied to white people (§ 122). In the absence of the pictographs, we can not tell whether Cloud Waśićun, Fire Waśićun, and Night Waśićun refer to guardian spirits (in which case they are mystic names connected with cults) or to white men.
Most of the above names are taken from the Dakota census lists. The ┴ɔiwere lists furnish only two composite names of this character: Iron Hawk Female, and Pigeon Thunder-being. The Kansa list has Moon Hawk and Moon Hawk Female, the latter name, which is found in the Omaha and Ponka list, suggesting the Egyptian figure of a woman’s body with a hawk’s head, surmounted by a crescent moon. Horse Eagle appears to be a sort of Pegasus. Buffalo-bull Eagle may refer to the myth of the Orphan and the Buffalo-woman, in which we learn that the Buffalo people ascended through the air to the upper world.[319]
PERSONAL NAMES FROM HORNED BEINGS.
§ 394. The Dakota lists have several names of horned beings, as follows: Horned Grizzly-bear, Horned Horse (4th Eth., Pl. LIV, No. 29, and Pl. LXXI, No. 193), Horned Dog, Horned Eagle, Gray Horned Thunder-Being, Horned Deer, Black Horned Boy, and Snake Horn. No attempt to explain these names has been made. Among the Winnebago, the following names refer to water monsters, and belong to the Waktceqi or Water-monster gens: Horn on one side (equivalent to the Dakota, He-saŋnića), Horns on both sides, Two Horns, Four Horns, and Five Horns.
The Winnebago list has the name Four Women (in one), with which compare what has been said about the Double-Woman (§ 251).