CONTENTS.

PAGE
CHAPTER I.
Introduction[1]
CHAPTER II.
Structures for Protecting Eggs[21]
Mason-Wasps[22]
Mason-Bees[38]
Mining-Bees[50]
CHAPTER III.
Carpenter-Bees[55]
Carpenter-Wasps[62]
Upholsterer-Bees[64]
CHAPTER IV.
Carder-Bees[74]
Lapidary-Bees[79]
Humble-Bees[79]
Social-Wasps[80]
CHAPTER V.
Architecture of the Hive-Bee[112]
Preparation of Wax[115]
Propolis[126]
The Building of the Cell[131]
CHAPTER VI.
Architecture of the Hive-Bee—continued.
Form of the Cells[139]
Irregularities in their Workmanship[148]
The Finishing of the Cells[154]
CHAPTER VII.
Carpentry of Tree-Hoppers[164]
Saw-Flies[168]
Icarias[176]
CHAPTER VIII.
Leaf-Rolling Caterpillars[181]
CHAPTER IX.
Insects Forming Habitations of Detached Leaves[195]
Cypress-Spurge Caterpillar[197]
Moss-Building Caterpillar[199]
CHAPTER X.
Caddis-Worms and Goat-Moth[202]
Carpenter-Caterpillars[207]
Puss-Moth[211]
Capricorn-Beetle[215]
Oak-Bark Caterpillars[217]
CHAPTER XI.
Earth-Mason Caterpillars[219]
Ant-Lion[227]
CHAPTER XII.
Clothes-Moth Caterpillars[235]
Tent-Making Caterpillars[243]
Stone-Mason Caterpillars[247]
Muff-Shaped Tents[250]
Leaf-Mining Caterpillars[252]
Bark-Mining Caterpillars[257]
Grubs of Beetles[258]
Wasp-Beetle[261]
Stag-Beetle[262]
CHAPTER XIII.
Structures of Grasshoppers, Crickets, and Beetles[264]
Mole Cricket[265]
Field Cricket[267]
Burying Beetle[269]
Dung Beetle[271]
Tumble-Dung Beetle[273]
Cockchafer[275]
CHAPTER XIV.
Architecture of Ants[278]
Mason-Ants[279]
CHAPTER XV.
Structures of the Wood-Ant or Pismire[294]
Carpenter-Ants[301]
CHAPTER XVI.
Structures of White Ants, or Termites[313]
Turret-Building White Ants[325]
CHAPTER XVII.
Structures of Silk Spun by Caterpillars[330]
Silkworm[336]
Emperor-Moth[342]
Spinning Caterpillars[344]
CHAPTER XVIII.
Structures of Spiders[366]
Nest, Webs, and Nets of Spiders[383]
Diving Water-Spider[393]
CHAPTER XIX.
Structures of Gall-Flies and Aphides[398]
Hawthorn Weevil[413]
Gall-Beetles[415]
>Leaf-Rolling Aphides[418]
Pseudo-Galls[421]
CHAPTER XX.
Animal Galls, Produced by Breeze-Flies and Snail-Beetles[424]
Grub Parasite in the Snail[436]

ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE
1.Eggs of Insects, magnified[16]
2.Larvæ[17]
3.Pupæ[18]
4.Insects in the Imago or perfect state[19]
5.Mason-Wasp[23]
6.Jaws of Mason-Wasp[24]
7.Cuckoo-Fly[25]
8.Mason-Wasp’s Nest and Cocoons[25]
9.Mason-Wasp[25]
10.Nests, &c., of Mason-Wasps[26]
11.Towers built by Mason-Wasp[29]
12.Nests of Pompilus punctum[29]
13.Scolia Xantiana, and section of its burrow[35]
14.Mason-Bee[38]
15.Exterior wall of Mason-Bee’s Nest[39]
16.Cells of a Mason-Bee[39]
17.Cells of Mason-Bees[46]
18.Cells of Chalicodoma[49]
19.Nest of Synagris calida[50]
20.Cell of Mining-Bee[51]
21.Cells of Carpenter-Bees, in an old post[57]
22.Carpenter-Bee and Cells[58]
23.Carpenter-Wasp and Cells[62]
24.Rose-leaf-cutter-Bee and Nest[71]
25.Carder-Bee and Nest[75]
26.Breeding-cells of Carder-Bee[77]
27.Interior view of Carder-Bee’s Nest[78]
28.Cells of Humble-Bee and Insects[80]
29.Nest of Common Wasp in early stage[88]
30.Section of Wasp’s Nest[89]
31.Section of Social-Wasps’ Nest[90]
32.Suspension-rod and part of external crust of Social-Wasps’ Nest[91]
33.Hornet’s Nest in its first stage[92]
34.Complete Hornet’s Nest, and Insect[93]
35.Hornet’s Nest in hollow tree[94]
36.Nest of Tree-Wasp[96]
37.Wasp’s Nest[97]
38.Wasps’ Cells attached to a branch[98]
39.Comb of Polistes[99]
40.Nest of the Pasteboard-maker Wasp[103]
41.Nest of Myrapetra[105]
42.Nests of Polybia[108]
43.Nests of Synæca and Polybia[109]
44.Part of a Honeycomb and Bees at work[112]
45.Worker-Bee, magnified[123]
46.Abdomen of Wax-worker Bee[124]
47.Structure of the Legs of the Bee[130]
48.Curtain of Wax-workers secreting wax[133]
49.Wax-worker laying the foundation of first cell[136]
50.Curtain of Wax-workers[137]
51.Arrangement of Cells[141]
52.Foundation-wall and Cells commenced[143]
53.Hive-Bees and Cells[159]
54.Ovipositors, with files, of Tree-hopper[167]
55.Excavations for eggs of Tree-hopper[167]
56.Ovipositor of Saw-Fly[169]
57.Ovipositor of Saw-Fly, much magnified[170]
58.Portion of Saw-Fly’s comb-toothed rasp[171]
59.Nest of eggs of Saw-Fly[173]
60.Saw-Fly of the gooseberry[174]
61.Exterior and section of Nest of Deilocenes Ellisii, and Insect[176]
62.Cells of Icaria[177]
63.Cells of Raphigaster Guiniensis[179]
64.Single Cells of Icaria[179]
65.Lilac-tree Moth[182]
66.Nest of Lilac-leaf-roller[182]
67.Do. another specimen[183]
68.Small green Oak-Moth[184]
69.Nests of Oak-leaf-rolling Caterpillars[184]
70.Nest of Nettle-leaf-rolling Caterpillar[186]
71.Leaf-rolling Caterpillars of the sorrel[188]
72.Nests of the Hesperia Malvæ with Caterpillar, Chrysalis, and Butterflies[189]
73.Nest of Willow-leaf-roller[191]
74.Ziczac Caterpillar and Nest[192]
75.Cypress-Spurge Caterpillar[198]
76.Moss-cell of small Caterpillar[200]
77.Leaf-nest of Caddis-Worm[202]
75.Reed-nest of Caddis-Worm[202]
79.Cell of Phryganea[203]
80.Shell-nests of Caddis-Worms[203]
81.Stone-nest of Caddis-Worm[204]
82.Sand-nest balanced with a stone[204]
83.Nest of Caddis-Worm balanced with straws[204]
84.Various Nests of Caddis-Worms[206]
85.Caterpillar of Goat-Moth[208]
86.Winter-nest of Goat-Caterpillar[208]
87.Nest of Goat-Moth[209]
88.Larva of Ægeria[211]
89.Eggs of the Puss-Moth[213]
90.Rudiments of the Cell of Puss-Moth[213]
91.Cell of Larva of Puss-Moth[214]
92.Ichneumon[215]
93.Magnified Cells of Pyralis strigulalis (?)[217]
94.Outside view of Nests of Earth-Mason Caterpillars[220]
95.Nests, etc., of Earth-Mason Caterpillar[221]
96.Do. with perfect Moth[223]
97.Nests of the Grubs of Ephemeræ[225]
98.Nests of Ephemeræ in holes of Cossus[225]
99.Grub of the Ant-Lion with traps[228]
100.Ant-Lion’s traps in experimenting-box[231]
101.Cases of the Clothes-Moth and Insect[238]
102.Transformations of the Honeycomb-Moths[240]
103.Transformations of the Grain-Moths[242]
104.Tent of Caterpillar upon elm-leaf[244]
105.Operations of Caterpillar upon leaf[246]
106.Lichen-tents and Caterpillars[247]
107.Branch of willow with Caterpillars’ muff-tents[251]
108.Rose-leaf mined by Caterpillars[253]
109.Bramble-leaf do.[254]
110.Primrose-leaf do.[255]
111.Bark mined by Beetle-Grubs[259]
112.Cocoons of Rhagium and Rhyncophorus[261]
113.Capricorn-Beetle rounding off bark of tree[262]
114.Cerambyx carcharias, and Cerambyx populneus[263]
115.The Mole-Cricket[265]
116.Nest of Mole-Cricket[266]
117.Acrida Verrucivora depositing her eggs[269]
118.Transformations of the Cockchafer[276]
119.Ant-hive or Formicary[291]
120.Floor of Ant-nest[292]
121.Insecure Nest propped up by Ants[293]
122.Nest of Wood-Ant[295]
123.Artificial Formicary[298]
124.Portion of a tree tunnelled by Jet Ants[302]
125.Formica fuliginosa[304]
126.Crematogaster[310]
127.Nests of Polyrachis bispinosa and P. textor[311]
128.Termes bellicosus in the winged state[317]
129.Queen Termite distended with eggs[320]
130.Tree-nest of Termites arborum, and Hill-nests of T. bellicosus[324]
131.Turret-nests of White Ants[326]
132.Leg and Pro-leg of Caterpillar[331]
133.Caterpillar of Goat-Moth[332]
134.Interior structure of Cossus[333]
135.Side view and section of Silk-tube of Cossus[334]
136.Labium of Cossus[334]
137.Cocoons of Emperor-Moth[343]
138.Cocoon of Arctia villica[345]
139.Net-work Cocoon[345]
140.Nest of Puss-Moth[347]
141.Caterpillars of small Ermine on Siberian crab[351]
142.Winter-nests of Porthesia chrysorrhœa[352]
143.Winter-nests of Social Caterpillars[353]
144.Pendulous Leaves[356]
145.Nest of Larrada[357]
146.Nests of Polybia[358]
147.Nests of Oiketicus, &c.[359]
148.Nests of Pelopæus, &c.[361]
149.Bombycidæ[363]
150.Processionary Caterpillars[364]
151.Nest of do.[365]
152.Garden Spider suspended by single thread[367]
153.Spinnerets of Spiders[368]
154.Single thread of Spider, greatly magnified[369]
155.Attached end of Spider’s thread[369]
156.Geometric Net of Epeira diadema[387]
157.Nest of the Mason-Spider[389]
158.Nest of Mygale sauvagesii[391]
159.Insect emerging from its Nest[391]
160.Triple-clawed Foot of Spider[395]
161.Small Galls on Oak-leaf[398]
162.Ovipositor of Gall-Fly[399]
163.Gall-Fly and mechanism of ovipositor[400]
164.Bedeguar Gall of the Rose[402]
165.One of the bristles of Bedeguar, magnified[403]
166.Artichoke Gall of the Oak-bud, and Insect[405]
167.Leafy gall of Dyer’s Broom[406]
168.Semi-gall of the Hawthorn[408]
169.Woolly Gall of the Oak[409]
170.Oak-apple Galls[410]
171.Root-galls of the Oak[411]
172.Woody Gall on a Willow Branch[412]
173.Currant-gall of the catkins of the Oak[413]
174.Gall of the Hawthorn-Weevil[414]
175.Plant-Louse, magnified[416]
176.Galls produced on the Poplar, and Insects[417]
177.Leaf of the Currant-bush with Aphides[419]
178.Shoot of Lime-tree contorted by A. tiliæ[421]
179.Pseudo-gall of the Bramble[422]
180.Pseudo-galls of the Hawthorn[423]
181.Ovipositor of the Breeze-Fly[426]
182.The Grub of Breeze-Fly[432]
183.The Ox-Breeze-Fly[433]
184.Bumps produced on cattle by Breeze-Fly[434]
185.Microgaster glomeratus[438]
186.Microgaster alveolarius[439]

INSECT ARCHITECTURE.

CHAPTER 1.

INTRODUCTION.