Roumania Past and Present - James Samuelson

G.

Geography (see also 'Topography' and 'Geology'):
boundaries of Roumania, [3].
configuration of the surface, [5].
dimensions, [4].
hills, zone of, [11].
Kazan Pass, the, [22].
lakes, [25].
mountains, zone of, [5], [14].
plains, zone of, [6].
rivers—the Danube, [20-25].
other rivers, [25].
Iron Gates, the, [22].
population, [4].
of cities, [39], [50], [51], [71].
summary of geographical characters, [28].
Geology and Mineralogy:
Balta Alba, mineral waters of, [25].
basin of the Danube, [17], [18].
Carpathians, slopes of, [18].
summits of, [18].
coal and lignite, [18].
copper and other minerals, [19].
iron, [18].
ozokerit (hydrocarbon), [18].
petroleum wells, [14].
plains, geology of, [17].
salt mines, [14], [106-9].

H.

History (see also 'Biography'):
Adrianople, treaty of, [221].
Æneas Sylvius on the Wallachs, [153].
Alexander, Philip, and Lysimachus, their wars with the Getæ, [115-17].
Anna Comnena on the Wallachs, [152].
Anonymous Notary of King Bela, the, [150], [151].
Attila, his career and death, [141], [142].
Aurelian evacuates Dacia, [135-37].
Aurelius (Marcus) defeats the Goths, [134].
Avari, the, [143].
Bajazet I. overruns Wallachia, [165].
Balta-Liman, convention of, [224], [Appendix IV].
bans, voivodes, and khans (early), [163], [164].
barbarians, [138-60], and [Appendix I]. (see also 'Goths,' 'Huns,' &c.).
Basilius Lupus, [201].
Bassarab, the clan, [163].
Basta (General), [192], [195], [198].
Bathori, Sigismund, [182], [185], [196].
Andreas, [189], [190], [191].
Belgrade, treaty of, [216].
Bessarabia (Lower) annexed to Moldavia, [228].
retaken by Russia in exchange for the Dobrudscha, [253].
Bogdan, Dragosch, [162], [170].
son of Stephen, [172].
Bonfinius on the Wallachs, [152].
Brancovano treats with Peter the Great, [203].
deposed and executed, [204], [205].
his great treasures, [205], [206].
Bratiano, M., [223], [266].
Bucarest, treaty of, [218].
Bulgari, their customs, [144-46].
Bulgari, their rule, [147], [148].
Bulgarians (modern), their revolt (1877), [236].
their alliance with the Russians, [242].
Cantemir treats with Peter the Great, [203].
flees into Russia, [204].
Capitulation of Mircea to the Turks, [165] and [Appendix II].
of Bogdan to the Turks, [172] and [Appendix II].
Charles, Prince, [16], [17].
accession, [233].
difficulties of rule, [234].
services to army, [237].
participation in war of 1877-8, [239], [241].
commander-in-chief before Plevna, [243].
meets Osman Pasha, [253].
crowned king, [255].
personal description, [258-60].
Christianity, history of, [65-66 note].
Consuls, Russian, established in Roumania, [217].
English and French, established in Roumania, [218].
Corvinus (see 'Hunniad').
Couza, Prince, accession and reign, [229].
surprised in his palace and deposed, [230].
abdication and departure, [231], [232].
Criminal codes of Matthew Bassarab and Basilius Lupus, [201], [202].
Dacia, contests with Home, [117] et seq.
Decebalus, King of, [119-29].
Trajan's first invasion of, [122-27].
second invasion of, [127-30].
a Roman province, [131-34].
evacuated by Aurelian, [195-97].
Gibbon on the evacuation, [135-37].
Dacians, the, their origin and character, [117-19].
early wars with Rome, [119] et seq.
Decebalus, King of the Dacians, [119-29].
defeats Appius Sabinus, and Cornelius Fuscus, [120].
is beaten by Tertius Julianus, [121].
makes a treaty with Domitian, [121], [122].
is defeated by Trajan, [124].
breaks his treaty with Trajan, [127].
attempts Trajan's life by assassination, [128].
again defeated by Trajan and commits suicide, [129].
Dion Cassius, the historian, [117], [118 note].
Domitian, defeated by Decebalus, [120].
Elisabeth, princess and queen, [55], [92], [257], [260-61], [261 note] (see also 'Biography').
Gellius (and other chiefs), tradition of, [150], [151 note].
Gepidæ (a branch of the Goths), powerful in Northern Dacia, [142].
defeated and exterminated by the Lombards, [143].
Getæ, their supposed origin, [115], [116].
at war with Alexander and other Greek generals, [116], [117].
Gibbon on Aurelian's evacuation of Dacia, [135].
his estimate of the Dacians, [136].
Goths, their first appearance, [134].
defeated by Marcus Aurelius, [135].
negotiate with Aurelian, [136].
rule in Dacia, [139], [140].
end of their rule, and remains left by them, [140].
Greek families, reference to histories of, [201 note].
rulers of Wallachia and Roumania (see 'Phanariotes').
rising under Vladimiresco and Ypsilanti, [219], [220].
suppressed, [220].
Grivitza Redoubt besieged by the Roumanians, [245], [246].
its strength, [247].
its capture by the Roumanians, [248], [249].
Helena (Couza), Princess, [92], [229].
Heliad, the regenerator of national literature in Roumania, [221-23].
his political action, [223].
Hospodars, Greek (see 'Phanariotes').
origin of title, [208], [209 note].
restoration of native, [220].
Hungarians (see 'Ungri').
Hunniad, Johann Corvin von, his birth and early life, [167], [168].
viceroy of Siebenbürgen and regent of Hungary, [168].
his wars with the Turks and death, [168].
anecdotes concerning him, and his character, [160].
Huns, appear in northern Dacia, [140], [141].
their aspect and ferocity, [141].
their king Attila, [141].
defeated and driven out of Europe, [142].
Innocent III., his correspondence with Joannitz, King of Wallacho-Bulgaria, [156-60].
Jassy, Treaty of, [218].
Jasyges, the, [118].
Kainardji, treaty of, [217].
Knights of St. John and Teutonic knights, [156].
Kumani, the, [155], [156].
Lauriani on the correspondence between Joannitz and Innocent III., [156-60].
on the fall of Wallacho-Bulgaria, [160].
Lombards, the, [143].
Magyars, the (see 'Ungri').
Matthew Bassarab, his criminal code, [201], [202].
Mavrocordato, Alexander, [207].
Nicholas, first Phanariote voivode, [208].
Constantine, suppresses retainers of boyards, [208].
appoints new officers of State, [208], [209].
Mavrogeni, Nicholas, his nobles rebel, [214], [215].
his defeat by the Austrians and Russians, [218].
Michael the Brave, condition of Wallachia in his day, [176-81].
classes of society, [176], [177], [178].
taxes, [178].
officials, [179].
army, [180].
political relations with other states, [181].
career of Michael:
early history and accession, [182];
alliances, [182];
massacre of the Turks, [183];
conspiracy against him, [183];
Achmed Pasha's invasion and defeat, [184];
Sigismund of Transylvania, Michael's submission to him, [185];
invasion of Sinan Pasha, [186];
Kalugereni, Michael's great victory, [186], [187];
retreat and rally of Michael, [187];
expulsion of the Turks, [188];
intrigues of Michael, [189];
abdication of Sigismund and accession of Andreas Bathori, [189];
Michael's invasion and conquest of Transylvania, [189-92];
triumph at Weissenburg, [192];
Michael overruns Moldavia, [192], [194];
in the zenith of his power, [194];
General Basta, [192], [195];
revolt of Transylvanian nobles, [195];
defeat of Michael at Miriszlo and Hight, [195], [196];
appeals to the German Emperor, [196];
recall of Sigismund Bathori, [196];
Michael pardoned and reinstated, [196], [197];
junction with Basta and defeat of the Transylvanians, [197];
feud with Basta, [197];
Michael assassinated by order of Basta, [198];
his character, [198].
Mircea the Old, allied with Hungary and Poland, defeats the Turks, [165].
first 'capitulation' at Nicopolis, [165] and [Appendix II].
his army, [166].
his character, and verses in his memory by Bolentineanu, [167].
Moldavia, tradition of Bogdan Dragosch, [162].
earliest historical records of, [170].
early voivodes, [170], [171].
Stephen 'the Good,' voivode of, [171-73].
capitulation of Bogdan to the Turks, [172].
conquered by Michael the Brave, [193], [194].
Basilius Lupus, voivode of, [202].
Cantemir, voivode of, treats with Peter the Great, [203].
invasion by Peter the Great, [203].
Greek rising in (1821), [223].
Michael Stourdza seizes the boyards, who escape, [223].
Moldavia, junction of, with Wallachia under Couza, [228].
coronation of King Charles, [255].
Muktar Pasha relieves Kars, [241].
Neagu Bassarab, records in the Cathedral of Ardges, [63], [64].
his good deeds, [174].
Niamtz, verses on Stephen's flight to, [172].
Nicholas, Czar of Russia, and the Crimean war, [225], [227].
Grand Duke, watches the crossing of the Danube by the Russians, [240].
meets Osman Pasha, [253].
Officers of State in the Principalities, [179].
Omar Pasha suppresses the Greek rising, [224].
Osman Pasha repels the Russians at Plevna, [240].
is repulsed at Plevna, [243].
is defeated, and surrenders to the Russian and Roumanian generals, [253].
Paris, treaty of, [227].
Patzinakitai, the, [151].
Peter, Asan, and John, founders of Wallacho-Bulgarian empire, [154], [155].
Peter the Great, his invasion of Moldavia, [203].
Phanariotes, the, their rise and early history, [206], [207].
the first rulers, [207], [208].
installation of hospodars, [209].
extortion and tyranny of, [210]-12.
extravagance of the princesses, [211].
their usual fate, [212].
favourable aspects of their rule, [214].
end of their domination, [220].
Wilkinson on their character, [220].
Pic, on the origin of the, Roumanians, [164 note].
Plevna, siege and investment of, [240-52].
Russian repulses before, [240], [245], [246].
defences of, [244].
fall of, [253].
Radu Affumați, [175].
Radu Negru, tradition of, [162].
Revolution of, 1848, [223].
suppressed, [224].
Roesler on the origin of the Roumanians, [164 note].
Romans invade Dacia under Domitian. [120].
invade Dacia under Trajan, [122-27].
second invasion under Trajan, [127-30].
rule in Dacia, [131-34].
at war with the Goths, [134], [135].
evacuate Dacia, [135-37].
Rosetti, C.A., his participation in the rising of 1848, [223];
his career, [263-265] (see also 'Biography').
Madame, liberates the Roumanian patriots from the Turks, [262], [263] (see also 'Biography').
Roumania constituted a principality under Couza, [229].
its provisional government after the fall of Couza, [231], [232].
under Prince Charles, [233-57].
erected into a kingdom, [255].
review of its history, [255].
the future of, [269], [270].
Roumanian alliance with Russia against Turkey, [237].
army, [237], [238] and [note], [245].
neutrality in 1877, [236].
policy, [267-70].
soldiers, Russian contempt of, at the commencement of the war, [242].
praised for their coolness, [242].
bravery at Grivitza, [248].
sufferings of, after the capture of Grivitza, [248].
securities, rise in the value of, [270 note].
Russian invasion of Moldavia under Peter the Great (1709), [203], [204].
of the Principalities under Anne (1755), [216].
under Catherine IV. (1768), [216].
rule in Wallachia (1774), [217].
Russian consuls sent to Bucarest, [217].
rule in the Principalities (1789-92, 1806-12), [220].
intervention and Russo-Turkish war of 1829, [221].
invasion in 1848, [224].
intervention, review of benefits to Roumania therefrom, [224-25].
designs in 1853, [225].
war with England, France, and Turkey (1853), [226], [227], [228].
action in 1877, [235], [236].
indebtedness to Roumania in 1877, [237], [238].
invasion of Bulgaria (1877) [240].
disasters in Bulgaria and Asia, [240], [241], [246].
contempt for the Roumanian soldiers, [242].
recognition of their bravery, [243].
ingratitude after the conclusion of the war, [242], [243].
San Stephano, treaty of, [253].
Sarmatians, rule in Dacia, [142].
defeated by Valentinian, [142].
Serban (Cantacuzene), [202].
betrays the Turks at Vienna, [202].
Shipka Pass, fighting in, between Turks and Russians, [240], [241].
Skobeleff, his success at Loftcha, [245].
disaster at Plevna, [246], [247].
Slavonians, [144].
Stephen, called the Good, Voivode of Moldavia, [171].
overruns Wallachia, [171].
story of his flight to Niamtz (verses by Bolentineanu), [172].
his cruelty and fanaticism, [173].
his wars with the Turks and Tartars, [171-73].
Tacitus, his comments on the Roman defeats in Dacia, [119], [120].
Tartar conquest of the Principalities, [160].
ravages, and defeats by Michael the Brave, [182], [184].
Teutonic knights and knights of St John, [156].
Traditions of Radu Negru and Bogdan, [162].
Trajan, his first expedition into Dacia, [122-27].
his second expedition into Dacia, [127-30].
his triumph after the reduction of Dacia, [129].
his method of colonising Dacia, [131-33] and [note].
Treaties of Nicopolis (1393), [165] and [Appendix II].;
between Bogdan and Selim (1513), [Appendix II].;
of Belgrade (1789), [216];
of Kainardji (1774), [217];
of Jassy (1792), [218];
of Bucarest (1812), [218];
of Adrianople (1829), [221];
of Balta-Liman (1849), [224];
of Paris (1856), [227], [228];
of San Stephano (1878), [253].
Turkish invasion of the Principalities (first), [165].
suzerainty enforced upon Mircea, [165].
wars with Johann Corvin von Hunniad, [168].
wars with Moldavia, [171].
supremacy established in Moldavia, [172].
inhabitants of Wallachia massacred by Michael, [183].
defeat at Kalugereni, [186], [187].
expulsion from Wallachia, [188].
exactions after Michael's death, [200].
army betrayed at Vienna, [202].
war with Peter the Great, [203], [204].
appointment of Greek voivodes, [208].
war with Anne and Charles VI., [216].
defeat the allies at Belgrade, [216].
war with Catherine, [216].
with Russia (1806), [218];
(1829), [221];
(1853), [225-28].
obstacles to the union of the Principalities, [228].
to the accession of Charles I., [234].
war with Russia and Roumania (1877), [235-53].
victories in Bulgaria and Asia, [240], [241].
defeats at Plevna, [243].
victory over Skobeleff before Plevna, [246], [247].
defeat at Grivitza, [248], [249].
Ungri (Hungarians, or Magyars), their origin, [148].
Ungri, Hallam's description of them, [149].
German account of their savagery, [149], [150].
their career in the Principalities and settlement in Hungary, [150].
Vlad, the Impaler, fights the Turks in alliance with John Corvinus, [168].
his wars with the Turks, [170].
his horrible cruelties, [170].
submission to the Turks, [170].
Vladimiresco, his career and death, [219].
Vladislaus, King of Poland and Hungary, fights the Turks in alliance with John Corvinus, [168].
killed at Varna, [168].
Voivodes, early, in Wallachia, [163] et seq., [200] et seq.
in Moldavia, [170] et seq.
their short rule and usual fate, [200], [213].
Phanariote, [208] et seq.
native, restored, [220].
Wallachia, early traditions of, [162].
historical records of its foundation, [163].
bans, voivodes, and khans in, [163], [164].
first capitulation to the Turks, [165] and [Appendix II].
state of society under Michael the Brave, [176-81].
under the Phanariotes, [208-14].
under Russian protection, [217], [221], [224].
Greek rising in, [218], [220].
national regeneration by Heliade, [221], [222].
revolution of 1848 in, [223], [224].
junction with Moldavia, [228].
Wallachs, their origin, [151], [153].
opinions of mediæval historians regarding their Daco-Roman descent (Bonfinius, Anna Comnena, Æneas Sylvius), [152], [153].
their first rule, [154].
Wallacho-Bulgarian Empire, founded by Peter, Asan, and John, [155].
allied with the Kumani, [155].
duration of the Empire, [155].
correspondence between Innocent III. and John, Emperor of, [156-60].
fall of, [160].
Wilkinson on the Phanariotes, [180 note], [210].
Ypsilanti, his leadership of the Greek rising, [219].
treachery against Vladimiresco, [219].
lights the Turks at Dragosani, [219].
defeat, flight, and ultimate fate, [220].
Zallony on the Phanariotes, [210].

L.

Law and Jurisprudence:
capital punishment abolished, and its substitutes, [101], [102], [106].
courts of justice, [100].
crime, statistics of, [103].
Doftana, visit to salt mine of, [104], [105].
expenditure for judicial and penal purposes, [112].
prisons of Roumania, [102-10].
prisoners, treatment of, [102], [104], [106], [110], [111].
Vakareschti, visit, to prison of, [104], [105].

M.

Manufactures (see 'Commerce').
Meteorology:
climate and seasons of Roumania, [28].

P.

Philology:
language, constitution of the Roumanian, [95-97].
comparison of Latin, Roumanian, and English, [96].
Greek and other derivatives, [97].
Magyar words in Roumanian, [97].
Politics:
Austria and Roumania, and the Danube, [32-35], [267].
domestic, in Roumania, [267], [269].
English interests on the Danube, [34], [35].
foreign, in Roumania, [267-69].
future, [269].
land question, the, in Roumania and Ireland, [82-85].
leaders in, [257-67] (see also 'Biography').
Liberals, efforts of the, [267-70].
parties, state of, in Roumania, [235 note].