Seating Arrangement.—The broughams and coupés are especially arranged for comfortably seating the occupants.
In some the drive is at the rear seats, and the steering mechanism may be by means of a wheel, as in gasoline cars, or through a lever.
Most Bodies are now made with aluminum panels, and sashless quarter windows, with drop doors, front and rear windows, and rain vision front windows.
The Transmission.—This varies in the different types, and in the makes. Chains, bevel, or worms gears, are employed, and in some cars two of these types are used, some of these devices being the products of the highest engineering skill.
The rear axles of the smaller vehicles are generally of the semi-floating type, usually made of vanadium steel, while the housing is drawn from sheet steel.
For heavier vehicles of the brougham style, the rear axles are full-floating and furnished with extra large annular ball-bearings in the hubs.
GLOSSARY OF WORDS
USED IN TEXT OF THIS VOLUME
Abrasive.A material which wears away another material. Absorbent.A material which will take up a liquid. Accumulate.To bring together; to amass; to collect. Accentuate.To bring out clearly; to lay great stress upon. Accelerator.Mechanism for adding to the speed or power. Accessories.The adjuncts to a car, not essential to its running but contributing to its make up. Acetylene.A hydro-carbon gas, generated from a carbide by the application of water. Alinement.Being in line; arranging in proper place. Ampere.The unit of current; the term in which strength of the current is measured. An ampere is an electromotive force of one volt through a resistance of one ohm. Annular.Pertaining to or formed like a ring. Annularly-disposed.Running around; circularly-formed on the outside. Anticipate.Thinking or acting ahead. Antennae.A forwardly-projecting feeler, or hair-like appendage. Applies to the wires of a wireless telegraphy outfit, which are elevated, and receive the high tension impulses. Anti-friction.A device or means to prevent the action of rubbing or wearing. Armature.A body of iron or other suitable metal, which is in the magnetic field of a magnet. Arbitrary.Stubborn determination. Doing a thing without regard to consequences. Asphaltum.A combustible mixture of hydrocarbons; mineral pitch; also found in certain crude oil. Atmosphere.The mass or body of gases surrounding the earth. Attributable.To ascribe something to a state or condition. Automatic.So made that it will operate without any external aid or mechanism. Available.That which can be made use of. Auxiliary.An aid; added to; giving or furnishing aid. Battery.A combination of two or more cells. Bearing.A term applied to a metal housing in which a journal or shaft turns. Bell-crank.A lever, which is bent at right angles, and is pivoted to swing at the point near the right angled bend. Binding post.A stud or projection, usually provided with a hole to receive a screw, and adapted to hold a wire. Buckled.Specifically bent or distorted out of shape, but particularly applied to storage battery plates which are bent. Carbureter.A mechanical device which is so arranged that it will receive and discharge a certain proportion of air, and mix therewith a quantity of hydro-carbon vapor. Carbureted air.Air which is charged with a vapor of hydro-carbon gas, like gasoline. Carbon.A material like coke, ground or crushed, and formed into sticks or plates by molding or compression. It requires a high heat to melt or burn, and is used as electrodes for arc lamps and for battery elements. Carbonization.Coated with carbon. Turned into the form of carbon. Cell.A vessel containing an electrolyte and two elements. Centrifugal.The outwardly-moving force from a rotating body. Change-speed gears.The part of an automobile which is in the line of the driving shafts, and designed to change the speed of the axle relative to the speed of the engine shaft. Channel bars.A bar made U-shaped in cross section. Chemical action.A term to describe the change brought about by uniting chemicals of different kinds. Circuiting.The manner of wiring up an electric device so the current will perform its work. Circumferential.Around the outside, Clearance.That space in the head of an engine cylinder, above the piston, in which the gas is compressed previous to igniting it. Clutch.A mechanism which is placed on the abutting ends of a pair of shafts, and designed to couple or uncouple the two shafts together. Cooperation.Acting in unison. In harmony. Combustion chamber.That part of a cylinder in which the gases are ignited and expanded. Comminuted.Finely divided. A powder. Commutator.A cylinder on the end of the armature of a dynamo or motor, and provided with a pair of contact plates for each particular coil in the armature, in order to change the direction of the current. Compression.A term used to designate the forcing together of the carbureted air drawn into the chamber of an internal combustion engine. Compensate.Paying for a thing; to give ample in return. Compounded.The uniting of elements, in such manner that they are changed. Water is a compound. The atmosphere is merely a mixture. Comprehension.Understanding. A full knowledge. Complex.Difficult to understand. Involved. Condenser.A term applied to the changing of gas to a liquid state. Used in electrical devices to collect a current in high tension apparatus. Conduit.A channel, or an avenue through which liquids may be transported. Conically-formed.Made in the shape of a cone. Conductivity.Pertaining to the quality of a material to transmit an electrical wave or impulse. Contracted.Drawn in; made smaller. Control.Within power to handle. Control Lever.A bar by the side of the driver’s seat, which enables him to check the speed of the car. Contact Maker.A device which is designed to keep the circuit broken during the revolution of the shaft, and to throw it in only momentarily at each revolution. Contact Breaker.A device which is designed to keep the current established except during a small portion of each revolution. Contact Plates.A series of plates arranged in an electric circuit which are to be successively thrown into the circuit. Constituent.An element; one part of a combination of elementary substances. Conspicuously.Prominent. In the foreground. Constituting.That which comprises the elements in a material. That of which it is made. Convolute.A spiral form of winding, like a watch spring. Corrosion.To disintegrate. To be eaten away by acid, or the action of any material, or by the weather. Counterpart.The same as; something like another; similar to. Counteract.To act in a contrary direction; adversely to. Crucial.The testing point; a difficult or trying position. Cylindrical.Having the form of a cylinder. A barrel-like shape or form. Cycle.A period; a time during which certain elements operate or act. Cycle (Two).An internal combustion engine, in which the gas is drawn in and exploded at each revolution of the crank shaft. Cycle (Four).An internal combustion engine, in which the gas is drawn in and exploded at every other revolution of the crank shaft. Dead Center.A term to designate the inoperative point of the crank. Deflected.Driven away; thrown off. Depression.A recess; a sunken part. Designated.Named; set forth; pointed out. Deteriorate.Depleted; grown worse. Deviation.Changed from a certain course. Diameter.The direction across a body. Diagonally.Any direction which is not across a body at right angles, nor longitudinal. Diagrammatically.A drawing which shows the relation and operation of parts, without showing them in the correct mechanical structural forms. Diagram.A drawing or sketch which shows the characteristics of a structure in simple lines. Diagnosis.An examination which takes into consideration all the elements which make up the condition. Differential.Any mechanism which seeks to take care of and utilize the difference of speed or power in the various elements in a machine. Dioxide of Manganese.The native state of manganese. Disengaged.Separated from; not attached. Distillation.The act of abstracting a substance by vaporization, and afterwards returning the vapor to a liquid form by means of a cool temperature. The act of separating the more volatile from the less volatile parts of a substance. Dissecting.Taking apart; viewing the separated or different elements. Distribution.Spread about; in electricity, the method of directing the current to various parts of the system. Distilled.A liquid which has been vaporized and condensed back into a liquid. Dynamo.An apparatus, consisting of field and core magnets, which, when the core is turned, will develop a current of electricity. Effective.Producing the best results. Electrolyte.Any material which is capable of being decomposed by an electric current. Eliminate.To take away from; to remove; to take out. Elliptical.A form which is in the shape of an ellipse. Emergency.At the last or critical moment. Equipped.Built with; arranged with all the elements. Excessive.Too much; more than normal. Exhaust.The discharge of the burnt gas from an internal combustion engine. Expansion.The term applied to the increases in volume by heat of a gas, or other substance. Expansion line.The line formed by the different pressures at various parts of the piston during the active stroke. Explosion.The burning and expansive force of a fuel. Equalizer.A mechanical element which is interposed between a moving and two or more moved parts to even up the force upon the moved parts. Facility.Ease; easiness in performing. Fascination.Attraction; an irresistible or powerful influence. Field.A term used to designate the magnetic influence of pole pieces which surround an armature in a dynamo or motor. Fire test.The determination of the point at which any substance will actually burst into flame. Flash system.A method of igniting substances. A leaping spark. Flash point.The temperature at which a fuel will flash but not burn. Flexible.Yielding; capable of being distorted. Floating.A condition in which a substance will not sink in a liquid. Foot pounds.A unit, usually determined by the number of pounds raised one foot in one second of time. 550 pounds raised one foot in one second of time, means 550 foot pounds. Formation.The act, or process of making, by the combination of materials. Frictional.The rubbing together of parts. Fulcrum.The point round which a lever turns. Function.Any specific power of acting or operating that belongs to an agent. Fundamental.The first. The primitive order of anything, or of any act. Gasket.A small interposing substance, usually softer than the united particles, for the purpose of effecting a tight joint. Gear Box.A case or shell designed to hold the transmission, or other wheels, in a piece of mechanism. Gear-Shifting.The mechanism for changing the speed gears in an automobile. Globules.Small particles of liquid. Gravity.The attraction of mass for mass; weight; the accelerating tendency of material to move toward the earth. Graphite.A form of carbon. A natural product especially used as a dry lubricant. Ground carbon.Usually gas coke. High tension.An electric current which has an exceedingly high voltage. Herring bone.A term applied to various mechanical structures. It is primarily made up of a rib from which a number of small spines branch out in opposite directions. Hood.The covering or enclosure at the forward part of an automobile, within which the engine is placed. Housing.Any enclosure, or covering. Hummock.A rising, more or less pronounced, in the roadway. Hydro-carbon.Usually applied to a gas evolved from gasoline. This substance has from 80 to 83 per cent. of carbon, and from 12 to 15 per cent. of hydrogen. Hydrogen.One of the lightest elementary substances. Two-thirds of water is hydrogen. Idler pinion.A small gear, usually placed so it may be moved to be in contact with one or more gears, but is not directly connected up in the line of the gearing. Ignitable.The term applied to substances which can be brought to the point of burning or exploding. Immaterial.Not important. Imparted.Given to something else; transferred over. Impregnated.To infuse or saturate with another substance. Impalpable.Exceedingly fine. Impulses.An action which is irregular or at certain periods. Impediment.Something which is in the way. Impact.A striking against; a force which contacts with another. Incline.A declivity; a slope. Induction coil.A core with two windings thereon, one of coarse and one of fine wire, so as to change a current from a low voltage to a high voltage, and from a high amperage to a correspondingly low amperage. Ingredient.The element in a compound. Inductor.Any part of an electrical apparatus which acts on another by induction. Inflation.The stimulation or the arousing to unnatural action. The enlarging of a substance. Inflammable.Any substance which will burn is called inflammable. Intervening.Between; intermediate certain things, or parts. Integral.A part of; different parts of a machine which are of the same substance. Intersection.To divide at a certain point. The crossing point of one line over another. Interrupter.A piece of mechanism which cuts out an electric current at regular intervals. Interposed.Placed before; coming between. Intimate.Very close. Nearly related. Insidious.An influence, not of the best. Internal, expanding.Referring to the condition of a gas within an internal combustion engine. Internal cone.A clutch which has a cone within the wheel, to receive a part which contacts with it. Intermeshing.The meeting of the teeth of gears. Intermittent.Having periods of intermission. Intermingle.Mixing. Closely united. Internal combustion.A burning within a cylinder or chamber. Insulated.A conductor, or other material so coated as to prevent a current of electricity from passing, to or from the same through the substance so placed on it. Invariably.Constant; a uniform condition. Journaled.Held within a bearing so it may revolve. Jump spark.A system of igniting the carbureted air in an explosion engine, which consists in having a small separation between the points in a conductor, and in using a current with a sufficiently high voltage to jump across the gap thus made. Lapped.A term used to designate the smoothing out of engine cylinders or of any metal too hard to be handled by the lathe. Lateral.Across; longitudinal, means lengthwise, and lateral is the term to express the direction at right angles to the longitudinal line. Lock nut.Any device which will prevent the nut from turning loose after being tightened. Longitudinal.The long way across an article. Low tension.A current which has a low voltage. Lubricant.Any substance which, when applied to moving parts, will decrease friction. Lubrication.The act of applying a lubricant. Magnet.A metallic substance which has power to attract iron or steel. Magneto.A permanent magnet and a revolving armature for generating a current. Magnetic pull.The action exercised by a magnet of attracting or repelling. Magnetic field.The space or region near a magnet or charged wire. Make and break.In igniting systems a piece of mechanism which makes and breaks a circuit, so as to produce a spark each time when the wires are separated. Manifold.A series of piping on the engine, so as to bring all the inlet or exhaust pipes together. Manually.Operating by hand. Maximum.The utmost; the greatest amount or sum. Mesh.Fitting together, like the teeth of gear wheels. Mean Effective Pressure.That pressure in the movement of a cylinder which represents the average, as the piston moves from end to end of its stroke. Metallic couples.Usually two metals of different structure, and of different polarities. Minimize.To belittle; the smallest amount. Misconception.A wrong idea; a mistaken view. Misnomer.A false name; a wrong appellation. Minutely.Very accurate; correct to the smallest feature. Momentarily.For an instant only. Momentum.That quality of matter which is the combined energy of mass and speed. Inertia. Multi-cylinder.More than one; several put together. Multiple.Containing or consisting of more than one. Multiple disk.A form of clutch where there are a number of disks which contact with one another. Muffler.A device for silencing the noise of the explosion of the engine. Neutral.Neither. Normal.The usual form, manner, or condition. Obliquely.Branching off from a straight line, at an angle. Obstruction.Something in the way. Operation.A process; an act, or a manner of doing a thing. Oxygen.The life giving element in the atmosphere. One-third of water is oxygen; one-fifth of the atmosphere is oxygen. Parallel.The same distance apart all along. Pedestrian.A footman; a walker. Perceptible.That which can be observed with our senses. Perimeter.The outer margin of a wheel; the bounding line of any figure of two dimensions. Pedal.A foot operated lever. Permanent magnet.A bar of steel, charged with magnetism which it retains indefinitely. Perspective.A view of an object which shows all three dimensions from one side. Pinion.A small toothed wheel. Planetary.A system of gears where two or more mesh with and revolve around a central gear. Plurality.Numerous; more than one. Plumbago.Graphite; a form of carbon; a lubricant. Potentiality.The term applied to the volts and amperes in an electric current. Positive.One which deflects a needle to the left. Pre-ignition.Where the spark ignites the charge before the piston begins to descend, or ahead of its proper time. Precision.A system of oiling the machinery which depends on a pump that sends in a definite amount of lubricant at each turn of the engine. Predeterminate.Arranging beforehand. Preferential.A more satisfactory manner, or time; estimating one thing above another. Primary.The first. As applied to electrical devices it has reference to a battery which generates a current in contradistinction to the secondary or storage battery. Proportionate.The ratio to something else. This compared with that. Properties.The attributes of matter. Protective.That which shields; a covering, or an enclosure. Progressive.Proceeding in a direct line. Propelling.Moving; drawing; giving motive power. Pneumatic.Pertaining to air. Push leg.An old system of propelling mechanism for vehicles. Not used in that manner now. The pawl engaging a lever, is the only form in which the push leg is now employed. Puncture.A rupture; a hole; a tear. Quadrant.One-fourth of a circle. Radiating.Moving out in all directions from a common center. Radiation.Applied to the movement of heat from a body. Radiator.A device which cools water, by the application of air. Raceway.A track for the movement and guidance of anti-friction balls. Radius.That line from a center to the circumferential or outer line or point. Rectilinear.Right; straight. Recessed.A depression; a cavity. Reinforce.The term applied to any means which may be employed to strengthen any part. Requisite.Necessary. Registering.To indicate; also applied to mechanism where one part exactly coincides with another part. Resorted.Where one device is utilized instead of another. Refinement.Made better; a more satisfactory form. Retreating.Falling back; one part to the rear of another. Reversed.Turned about; in the opposite direction. Inversed means; upside down. Resiliency.That property of matter which will yield, or change its form and return to its original form. Resistance.That property of all matter to object to a change of form; the force which opposes the movement of a current through a conductor. Ribbed.Having raised surfaces, of greater or less length. Rock shaft.A shaft which turns back and forth; oscillating. Rotatable.Turning, as a wheel on its axle; often confounded with the word revoluble, which describes the movement of a body through an orbit. The earth rotates on its axis once every twenty-four hours; it revolves through space around the sun once every year. Rotor arm.An arm adapted to swing through an arc. Saturate.To absorb a liquid or gas to full capacity. Secondary.The second place; applied to a battery, it is one which receives and holds a charge. Sectional.A part; a view across the parts. Selector.A plate with notches in it for a lever, which is moved through the openings at the will of the operator. Selector plate.The notched, or slotted plate, in which the transmission lever travels. Series.One following directly after the other; in electrical connections, the wires attached in line from positive to negative, through the different cells. Series multiple.A wiring system wherein the cells are placed in two or more groups, and the groups connected up in series. Segment.A portion of a disk cut off by a straight line. Distinguished from a sector which is made by two radial lines running from the center to the circumference. Self starting.A mechanism on automobiles for starting the engine without muscular effort. Self-inductance.In electricity, the property of one metal to receive an electrical charge without being in contact with the charged wire. Selective.The term applied to a system of transmission, whereby the driver is able to select any speed without going through any intermediate speed. Service brake.The brake ordinarily used in running a car. Semi-floating.An axle in which the wheels are secured directly to the axle shafts, but where the reaction of the differential and bevel gear drive is supported by the axle housing. Shackle.A device for restraining or holding. Simultaneous.At the same time; occurring at the same moment. Solution.To solve a question. To dissolve solid matter in a liquid. Soapstone.A rock which has a structure similar to that of soap. Speculate.To consider a subject from the standpoint of probabilities. Sprocket.A wheel with teeth in it adapted to engage with a chain, for driving purposes. Spur gear.A gear with teeth which are at right angles with the body of the gear. Spline.A rib usually along the side of a shaft, to engage in a groove in the hub or wheel. Sparking.The jumping of a spark from one conductor to another due to the high heat developed when the current leaps the gap. Spark plug.A plug which has in it two conductors which lead to its inner end, and have their ends in close proximity, across which the current leaps. Structurally.The manner in which a device is made of its various parts. Straight line drive.The system of transmitting power in an automobile, which consists in employing a train of shafting in a direct line from the engine shaft to the differential. Stranded (cable).A conductor, or wire rope, made up of a number of small wire strands. Storage battery.A container, or accumulator, of electricity, which is designed to receive a charge of electricity, and to give it forth as required. Susceptible.A condition in which the truth is considered probable from a knowledge of all the surroundings. Superheated.A substance, such as steam, heated above the normal temperature which is given to it when it is generated. Surging.The term applied to a high tension current, which, during the impulses, appears to move back and forth, as though it possessed elasticity. Symptoms.Appearances; the outward manifestations of a condition. Systematic.Done in regular order. Technicalities.The scientific and orderly terms and requirements. Tension.Voltage. The force of the current. Also the power applied on a spring, or the amount of force it will exert. Terminal.The end, or the starting point, as well as the last or final end of a wire or connection. Threaded.The spirally-formed ribs on a bolt or in a nut. Throttle.The device on an automobile which opens or closes the discharge port of a carbureter. Timing.A device which times the sparking mechanism. Timing device.The entire mechanism which provides for sparking at certain periods. Torque.A twist. Torsional.A movement around a shaft. Transmission.The mechanism which sends the power from the engine to the axles. Tubular housing.A covering, or shield for a shaft such as a tube, within which the shaft is mounted. Turnbuckle.A device which provides for tightening a rod, wire, or strut. Undulating.Wave-like; a regular motion of a sinuous character. Unison.Together; acting as one. Universal.Pertaining to all things. Universal joint.A joint connecting two shafts so arranged that the shafts may be placed at an angle with each other. Utilized.To take advantage of. To use. Vacuum.A space from which the air has been exhausted. Vaporize.Changing from a solid or liquid into a gas. Venturi.A form of tube which is contracted between the ends. Vertical.A direction at right angles to the surface of water. Vibratory coil.A coil in a high tension circuit that has a spring finger which, in vibrating to and fro, cuts the current in and out. Viscosity.A glutinous, sticky body; slowly flowing; opposed to mobility; usually applied to thick oils. The degree of cohesion of a liquid, usually in connection with oils. Volatile.That which is easily changed into a gas at ordinary temperatures. Volts.The measure of the tension of a current. Vulcanizing.The process of treating raw rubber with sulphur in the presence of heat.
THE MOTOR BOYS SERIES
(Trade Mark, Reg. U. S. Pat. Of.)
By CLARENCE YOUNG
12mo. Illustrated. Price per volume, 60 cents, postpaid.