NEW YORK
CUPPLES & LEON COMPANY

Copyright, 1915, by
CUPPLES & LEON COMPANY

CONTENTS

PAGE
[Introductory][1]
[Chapter I. Automobile History and Development][5-12]
Development of the Industry. The First Patent. Newton’s car. Watt’s Invention. Traction. Push legs. Power. Springs. Water Tube Boiler. The First Differential. The First Gas Motor Car. Gasoline Car. Flash Boiler System. The Carbureter. Improved Structures. The Order of Development. Speed vs. Power. Lighter Vehicles.
[Chapter II. The Frame and Its Accessories][13-23]
The Frame. Channel-bar Frames. How the Frame is suspended. Fore and aft Motion. Lateral Motion. Cantilever Spring. Shock Absorbers. The Axle. Live Axles. Dead Axles. Semi-Floating Axle. Full Floating Axle. Wheels. Flexibility. Large vs. Small Wheels. Minimizing Shocks. Resiliency.
[Chapter III. Tires, Tubes and Rims][24-36]
Tires. Solid Tires. Cushion Tires. Pneumatic Tires. Single Tubes. Double Tubes. The Outer Tube. The Inner Tube. Advantage of Double Tube. Putting on and Taking off Double Tubes. Damage to Tires. Repair to Tires. Vulcanizing. Oil as an enemy of Tires. Non-skidding Tires. Tires for City Use. Side slipping. Faulty Alinement. Broken Fabric. Bruises. Under Inflation. Stretched Tires. Blistered Tires. Rim Cutting. Inflation Pressures. Expansion of Heated Air.
[Chapter IV. The Steering Gear and Brakes][37-45]
The Steering Column. Motor Control. Throttle Movement. Steering Wheel Type. Steering Gear. Front Axle. Running Brake. Double-acting Contracting Brake. Contracting Brake. Equalizers. The Emergency Brake. Combined Service and Emergency Brake.
[Chapter V. The Differential][46-54]
The Meaning of Differential. Equalizing Bar. Unequal Resistance. Balanced Equalizer Bar. Transmission Wheel. Action of Transmission Gearing.
[Chapter VI. The Drive][55-61]
Power Transmitted to Wheels through Springs. Illustrating power transmission. Torsion Rod. The Torque Tube. Radius Rod. Chain Drive. Jack Shaft. Objections to Chains. Shaft Drive. Train of Shafting.
[Chapter VII. Clutches][62-68]
Clutch Requirements, Frictional Contact. Cone Clutch. Compression Spring in Clutches. The Multiple Disk Clutch. Its Construction. Disadvantages of Multiple-Disk Clutches. Care of Multiple Disk Clutch.
[Chapter VIII. Transmission, or Change Speed Gears][69-89]
Transmission Leverage. Economy of Transmission Gearing. Types of Transmission. The Progressive. Low Gear. Intermediate Gear. High Gear. Reverse. Selective Type. Low Gear. Intermediate Gear. High Gear. Reverse Gear. Control Lever for Progressive Transmission. Operation of the Selective Gear. Selector Bars. Shifting Lever. Speed Selectors. 3-speed Selectors. 4-Speed Selectors. An approved Type of Selector. Controlling the Selector. Using the Clutch and Selector. Planetary Transmission. Frictional Transmission.
[Chapter IX. The Motor][90-108]
Value of Fuel Utilized. The Waste. Water Absorption. Engine Types. The Four-Cycle Engine. The Two-Cycle. Compression. Economy of Four-Cycle Engine. Valve Movements. The Ignition point in the Cycle. The Fly-wheel. Impulses in Four-Cycle Engine. The Cylinder Case, and Connections. Piston and Crank Construction. Calculating the Efficiency. Pressures in Explosions. Expansion Line. Mean Effective Pressure. The Two-cycle Engine. Foot Pounds. Work or Energy. Cycle of Operation. The Crank Shaft. Special Metal. Engine Troubles. Difficulties pointed out. Starting the Engine. Carbureter. Low Compression. Mixtures. Spark Plugs. The Weather. Drainage.
[Chapter X. Cooling Systems][109-117]
Air Cooling. Air-Cooling Devices. Water Cooling. Gravity System. Locating the Reservoir. Force System of Cooling. The Radiator Connections. Radiators. Construction of Radiator. Operation of Radiator. The Pump. Pump Construction. Action of Pump.
[Chapter XI. Carbureters][118-132]
Carbureted Air. Composition of Gasoline. Gasoline Expansion. Requirements of a Carbureter. Evaporation. Air Saturation. Air Contact with Gasoline. Instantaneous Combustion. Compression. Compression as a Mixing Means. Carbureter Types. The Spraying Carbureter. Dissecting the Carbureter. The Mixing Chamber. The Float Chamber. The Venturi Tube. The Inlet Valve. The Throttle Valve. The Secondary Air Supply. Automatic Admission of Secondary Air. Carbureter Adjustments. Special Points Concerning Carbureters. Thin Mixtures. Speeds and Mixtures. Surface Carbureter. The Float. The Oil Inlet. Securing Surface for air Contact.
[Chapter XII. Ignition Systems][133-158]
Seeing the Effect of Electricity. Action of a current. Amperes and Volts. Conductivity. Resistance. Generating Electricity. Magnetic Field. Armature. Batteries. Metallic Couples. What Determines Voltage. Controlling Amperage. Dry Batteries. Cell Construction. Connecting up Cells. The Series Connection. The Parallel Connection. Series-Multiple Connection. Storage Batteries. The Sparking Methods. Air Resistance. Make and Break Spark. The High Tension System. The Spark Plug. How Produced. The Magneto. Difference Between Dynamo and Magneto. Advantages of Magneto. Different Kinds of Magnetos. Primary and Secondary. Igniters. High Tension Coils, Inductance. Constructing a coil. A Simple High Tension Sparking System. Condenser. Interrupter. Arrangement of a high Tension System. The High Tension Connections. The Secondary Coil. Operation of System. The Spark Gap. Function of the Interrupter. Vibratory Coils. Operation of Vibratory Coil. Surging Movement of Current. Timing Device. Contact Makers. The Contact Breaker. Sparking Plugs. Testing Plugs. Short Circuiting Faults. Short Circuiting of Secondary Wires.
[Chapter XIII. Automobile Accessories][159-168]
Self Starting. Simple Type of Starter. The Distributer. Lighting. Car Signals. Speed Signals. Mufflers. Exhaust. Construction of Muffler. Ball and Roller Bearing. Race ways. The Three-point Contact. Wrong Constructions. Roller Bearings. Form of Roller Bearings.
[Chapter XIV. Running an Automobile][169-179]
Running Close to the Curb. The Middle of the Road. Community Regulations. Approaching Car Track. Coasting. Signs of the Road. Operating the Control. The Crucial Point. Clutch Pedal and Spark control. Neutral Position of Transmission Lever. Throwing in Gear. In Reversing. Quick Stops. Ease in Manipulating Progressive System. Wiring for Lighting System. Wiring up for Ignition.
[Chapter XV. Fuel and Lubricants][180-190]
An Experiment with Gasoline. Air Necessary for Explosion. Making an Explosive Mixture. Gunpowder. Filled Tank not Explosive. Why Gasoline will not Burn Within a closed Tank. Filling Tanks having Dried out Gasoline. To Extinguish Gasoline Fires. Ammonia as an Extinguisher. Leaks. Lubricants. Viscosity. Carbonization. Acid in Lubricants. Composition of Lubricants. Grease. Graphite. The Test for Cylinder Lubricants. Fire Test. Lubricating Systems. Pressure Method. The Precision System. Combined Force, Feed, and Splash System.
[Chapter XVI. Care of the Car][191-200]
Regular Inspection a good Habit. The Brake Shoe. Familiarity with Working Parts. The Engine. Connecting Rods. Valves. Cam Shaft. The Clearance. Clutches. The Clutch Leather. Rivets in the Leather. Transmission System. The Differential. Universal Joints. Steering Gear. Worm and Worm Wheel. Batteries. The Vibrator. The Electrolyte. Contact Points. The Magneto. Magneto Impulses. Timing the Magneto. The Carbureter. Wrong Adjustment. Weather.
[Chapter XVII. Electric Vehicles][201-214]
Requirements. Gasoline-electric Trucks. The Current Used. Mechanically-produced Electricity. Current from Batteries. Primary Battery. Secondary or Storage Battery. Reversal of Current. Charging. Time required, and Current. Troubles in Use. Overcharging. The Circuiting. Economy in Use of Current. Series and Parallel. The Connections. The Controller. The General Equipment. Accessories. Seating Arrangement. The Transmission. Brakes.
[Glossary][215]

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

FIG.PAGE
[1.][Views of Plain Frame][13]
[2.][Quarter Elliptic][14]
[2a.][Half Elliptic][15]
[3.][Three-quarter Elliptic][15]
[4.][Full Elliptic][16]
[4a.][Cantilever Spring][17]
[5.][Fore and Aft Motion][17]
[6.][Lateral Motion][18]
[7.][Floating Axle][20]
[8.][Semi-floating Axle][20]
[9.][Crossing Depression][22]
[10.][Striking Obstruction][22]
[11.][Solid Tire][24]
[12.][Single Tube][25]
[13.][Double Tube][26]
[14.][Illustrating Tire-removing Tool][27]
[15.][Vulcanizer][29]
[16.][Turning Action on Front Wheel][31]
[17.][Illustrating the Strain on Fabric][33]
[18.][Illustrating the Strain on Fabric][33]
[19.][Effect of Flat Tire][34]
[20.][Steering Wheel][38]
[21.][Steering Gear][39]
[22.][Type of Front Axle][40]
[23.][Contracting Brake][41]
[24.][Expanding Brake][41]
[25.][Contract Mechanism][43]
[26.][Equalizer Bar][44]
[27.][Rear Axle. Service and Emergency Brake][45]
[28.][Equalizing Mechanism][47]
[29.][Resistance in Equalization][47]
[30.][Equalizer and Differential Movements][48]
[31.][Differential in Housing][50]
[32.][Section of Differential][51]
[33.][Side View of Differential Wheel][51]
[34.][Top View of Differential Wheel][52]
[34a.][Differential Gears][53]
[35.][Radius Rods][56]
[36.][Torque Tube][57]
[37.][Chain Drive][58]
[38.][Shaft Drive][60]
[39.][Straight Line Drive][60]
[40.][Cone Clutch][63]
[41.][Multiple Disk Clutch][65]
[42.][Progressive Transmission. Low][70]
[43.][Neutral Position][71]
[44.][Intermediate][72]
[45.][High][73]
[46.][Reverse][75]
[47.][Selective Transmission. Low Gear][77]
[48.][Intermediate][78]
[49.][High][79]
[50.][Reverse][80]
[51.][Progressive Control Mechanism][81]
[52.][Selective Control Mechanism][83]
[53.][3-Speed][85]
[54.][3-Speed][85]
[55.][3-Speed][85]
[56.][4-Speed][85]
[57.][4-Speed][85]
[58.][4-Speed][85]
[59.][4-Speed][85]
[60.][Control-Lever Bracket][86]
[61.][Planetary Transmission][88]
[62.][Frictional Transmission][89]
[63.][Firing Position][94]
[64.][Return First Cycle][94]
[65.][Drawing in Charge][96]
[66.][Compression][96]
[67.][Automatic Inlet Valve][98]
[68.][Calculating Efficiency][100]
[69.][Two-Cycle Expansion Position][102]
[70.][Exhausting][103]
[71.][Compression][103]
[72.][Crank Shaft][104]
[72a.][Increasing Cooling Area][110]
[73.][Movement of Heated Water][111]
[74.][Cooling System][112]
[75.][Radiator Type][114]
[76.][Side View of Pump][116]
[77.][Section][116]
[78.][Carbureter Float and Needle][123]
[79.][Carbureter Inlet Valve][124]
[80.][Carbureter Discharge Port][125]
[81.][Carbureter Secondary Air Inlet][127]
[82.][Complete Carbureter][128]
[83.][Surface Carbureter][131]
[84.][Series Wiring][137]
[85.][Parallel Wiring][138]
[86.][Multiple Wiring][139]
[87.][Dynamo Connection][142]
[88.][Magneto][142]
[89.][Induction Coil][146]
[90.][High Tension Circuit][147]
[91.][High Tension Connections][149]
[92.][Vibratory Coil][152]
[93.][Contact Maker][154]
[94.][Contact Breaker][155]
[95.][Starting Mechanism][160]
[96.][Muffler][164]
[97.][3-Point Roller-Bearing][165]
[98.][Wrong Bearing][165]
[99.][Improper Alinement][166]
[100.][Correct Raceways][166]
[101.][Cage for Roller Bearing][167]
[102.][Roller Bearing][168]
[103.][Caution Signs][171]
[104.][Wiring for Lighting Circuit][175]
[105.][Ignition Wiring][177]
[106.][Lubricating System][189]

INTRODUCTORY

The building and development of auto vehicles form one of the most remarkable pages in the history of manufactures. The subject nearest the boy is the motorcycle, which is a direct development of the bicycle. From this to the larger power vehicles is but another step, so that in setting forth the structures involved the aim should be to show how one form of device grew out of the preceding one, and how each structure following in the train, became desirable and necessary.

It would be impossible in a limited work of this kind to show the various modifications of all the elements which make up a complete structure.

When these vehicles were first brought out, the mechanism was exceedingly simple, being, in reality, nothing more than the hitching up of some form of motive power with running gears.