By J. S. ZERBE, M.E.

AUTHOR OF
ELECTRICITY FOR BOYS
PRACTICAL MECHANICS FOR BOYS
THE NEW YORK BOOK COMPANY
New York
Copyright, 1914, by

THE NEW YORK BOOK COMPANY


CONTENTS

[LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS]
[INTRODUCTORY]
[I. Tools and Their Uses]Page 5

Knowledge of Tools. A Full Kit of Tools. The Hatchet.The Claw Hammer. About Saws—Cross-cut, Rip Saw,Back Saw. Planes—Jack Plane, Smoothing Plane, PorePlane. Gages. Chisels—Firmer Chisel. Trusses. SawClamps. The Grindstone. Oilstone. Miter Box. TheWork Bench.

[II. How to Grind and Sharpen Tools]Page 16

Care of Tools—-First Requisites. Saws—How to Set.Saw-set Errors. Saw Setting Block. Filing. The Angleof Filing. Filing Pitch. Saw Clamps. Filing Suggestions.The File. Using the File. The Grindstone.In the Use of Grindstones. Correct Way of HoldingTool in Grinding. Care of Stone. Incorrect Way toHold Tool. Way to Revolve or Turn Grindstone. ThePlane. The Gage. Chisels. General Observations.

[III. How to Hold and Handle Tools]Page 29

On the Holding of Tools. The Saw. How to Start aSaw. Sawing on a Line. The First Stroke. The StartingCut for Cross-cutting. Forcing a Saw. The Stroke.The Chinese Saw. Things to Avoid. The Plane. Anglefor Holding Planes. Errors to be Avoided. The Gage.Holding the Gage. The Draw-knife.

[IV. How toDesign Articles]Page 39

Fundamentals of Designing. The Commercial Instinct.First Requirements of Designing. Conventional Styles.The Mission Style. Cabinets. Harmony of Parts. Harmonyof Wood.

[V. How work is Laid Out]Page 43

Concrete Examples of Work. Dimensions. Laying Outa Table. The Top. The Mortises. The Facing Boards.The Tenons. Tools Used. Chamfered Tenons. TheFrame. The Drawer Support. The Table Frame. TheTop. The Drawer. How Any Structure is Built Up.Observations About Making a Box. Points. Bevelingand Mitering. Proper Terms. Picture Frames. DovetailPoints. Box Points. First Steps in Dovetailing. CuttingOut the Spaces. Tools Used in Laying Out Mortisesand Tenons.

[VI. The Uses of the Compass and the Square]Page 59

The Compass. Determining Angles. Definition of Degrees.Degrees Without a Compass. How Degrees areCalculated by the Dividers.

[VII. How the Different Structural Parts are Designated]Page 65

Importance of Proper Designation. How to ExplainMechanical Forms. Defining Segment and Sector. Arcade,Arch, Buttress, Flying Buttress, Chamfer, Cotter,Crenelated, Crosses, Curb Roof, Cupola, Crown Post,Corbels, Dormer, Dowel, Drip, Detent, Extrados, Engrailed,Facet, Fret, Fretwork, Frontal, Frustrums, Fylfot,Gambrel Roof, Gargoyle, Gudgeon, Guilloche. HalfTimbered, Hammer Beam, Header, Hip Roof, HoodMolding, Inclave, Interlacing Arch, Inverted, InvertedArch, Key Stone, King Post, Label, Louver, Lintel, Lug,M-Roof, Mansard Roof, Newel, Parquetry, Peen, Pendant,Pendastyle, Pedestal, Plinth, Portico, Plate, QueenPost, Quirk Molding, Re-entering Angle, Rafter, Scarfing,Scotia Molding, Sill, Skewback, Spandrel, Strut,Stud, Stile, Tie Beam, Timber, Trammel, Turret, Transom,Valley Roof.

[VIII. Drawing and Its Utility]Page 73

Fundamentals in Drawing. Representing Objects.Forming Lines and Shadows. Analysis of Lines andShadings. How to Show Plain Surfaces. Concave Surfaces.Convex Surfaces. Shadows from a Beam. FlatEffects. The Direction of Light. Raised Surfaces. DepressedSurfaces. Full Shading. Illustrating CubeShading. Shading Effect. Heavy Lines. Perspectives.True Perspective of a Cube. Isometric Cube. FlattenedPerspective. Technical Designations. Sector andSegment. Terms of Angles. Circles and Curves. IrregularCurves. Ellipses and Ovals. Focal Points. ProducedLine. Spirals, Perpendicular and Vertical. Signsto Indicate Measurement. Definitions. Abscissa. Angle.Apothegm. Apsides or Apsis. Chord. Cycloid. Conoid.Conic Section. Ellipsoid. Epicycloid. Evolute. FlyingButtress. Focus. Gnomes. Hexagon. Hyperbola. Hypothenuse.Incidental. Isosceles. Triangle. Parabola.Parallelogram. Pelecoid. Polygons. Pyramid. Rhomb.Sector. Segment. Sinusoid. Tangent. Tetrahedron.Vertex.

[IX.Moldings, with Practical Illustrations inEmbellishing Work]Page 93

Moldings. The Basis of Moldings.The Simplest Moldings.The Astragal. The Cavetto. The Ovolo. TheTorus. The Apothegm. The Cymatium. The Ogee.Ogee Recta. Ogee Reversa. The Reedy. The Casement.The Roman-Doric Column. Lesson from the DoricColumn. Applying Molding. Base. Embellishments. Straight-facedMolding. Plain Molding. Base. DiversifiedUses. Shadows Cast by Moldings.

[X. An Analysis of Tenoning, Mortising, Rabbeting and Beading]Page 104

Where Mortises Should be Used. Depth of Mortises.Rule for Mortises. True Mortise Work. Steps in CuttingMortises. Things to Avoid in Mortising. Lap-and-ButtJoints. Scarfing. The Tongue and Groove. Beading.Ornamental Bead Finish. The Bead and Rabbet.Shading with Beads and Rabbets.

[XI. House Building]Page 113

House Building. The Home and Embellishments. BeautyNot Ornamentation. Plain Structures. ColonialType. The Roof the Keynote. Bungalow Types. GeneralHouse Building. Building Plans. The PlainSquare-Floor Plan. The Rectangular Plan. Room Measurements.Front and Side Lines. The Roof. Roof Pitch.The Foundation. The Sills. The Flooring Joist. TheStudding. Setting Up. The Plate. Intermediate Studding.Wall Headers. Ceiling Joist. Braces. The Rafters.The Gutter. Setting Door and Window Frames.Plastering and Finish Work.

[XII. Bridges, Trussed Work and Like Structures]Page 130

Bridges. Self-supporting Roofs. Common Trusses. TheVertical Upright Truss. The Warren Girder. The BowstringGirder. Fundamental Truss Forms.

[XIII. The Best Woods for the Beginner]Page 134

The Best Woods.Soft Woods. Hard Woods. The MostDifficult Woods. The Hard-ribbed Grain in Wood. TheEasiest Working Woods. Differences in the Working ofWoods. Forcing Saws in Wood.

[XIV. Wood Turning]Page 138

Advantages of Wood Turning. Simple Turning Lathe.The Rails. The Legs. Centering Blocks. The Tail-stock.The Tool Rest. Materials. The Mandrel. Fly-wheel.The Tools Required.

[XV. On the Use of Stains]Page 147

Soft Wood. Use of Stains. Stains as Imitations.Good Taste in Staining. Great Contrasts Bad. StainingContrasting Woods. Hard Wood Imitations. NaturalEffects. Natural Wood Stains. Polishing Stained Surfaces.

[XVI. The Carpenter and the Architect]Page 152
[XVII. Useful Articles to Make]Page 155

Common Bench. Its Proportions. Square Top Stool.Folding Blacking Box. Convenient Easel. HangingBook-rack. Sad Iron Holder. Bookcase. Wood-box.Parallel Bars for Boys' Use. Mission Writing Desk.Screen Frame. Mission Chair. Grandfather's Clock.Knockdown and Adjustable Bookcase. Coal ScuttleFrame or Case. Mission Arm Chair. Dog-house.Settle, With Convenient Shelves. Towel Rack. SofaFramework.

[XVIII. Special Tools and Their Uses]Page 170

Bit and Level Adjuster. Miter Boxes. Swivel Arm Uprights.Movable Stops. Angle Dividers. "Odd Job"Tool. Bit Braces. Ratchet Mechanism. InterlockingJaws. Steel Frame Breast Drills. Horizontal Boring.3-Jaw Chuck. Planes. Rabbeting, Beading and Matching.Cutter Adjustment. Depth Gage. Slitting Gage.Dovetail Tongue and Groove Plane. Router Planes.Bottom Surfacing. Door Trim Plane.

[XIX. Roofing Trusses]Page 185

Characteristics of Trusses. Tie Beams. Ornamentation.Objects of Beams, Struts and Braces. UtilizingSpace. Types of Structures. Gambrel Roof. PurlinRoof. The Princess Truss. Arched, or Cambered, TieBeam Truss. The Mansard. Scissors Beam. BracedCollar Beam. Rib and Collar Truss. Hammer-beamTruss. Flying Buttress.

[XX. On the Construction of Joints]Page 197

Definition and Uses. Different Types. Bridle Joint.Spur Tenon. Saddle Joints. Joggle Joint. HeelJoints. Stub Tenon. Tusk Tenon. Double Tusk Tenon.Cogged Joints. Anchor Joints. Deep Anchor Joints.

[XXI. Some Mistakes and a Little Advice in Carpentry]Page 205

Lessons From Mistakes. Planing the Edge of a BoardStraight. Planing it Square. Planing to Dimensions.Holding the Plane. How it Should be Run on the Edgeof the Board. Truing With the Weight of the Plane.A Steady Grasp. In Smoothing Boards. Correct Sand-papering.Gluing. Removing Surplus Glue. WorkEdge and Work Side. The Scribing and Marking Line.Finishing Surfaces. Sawing a Board Square. TheStroke of the Saw. Sawing Out of True.

[GLOSSARY OF WORDS]
[THE "HOW-TO-DO-IT" BOOKS]