Third: The character of the surface when he has finished it.
Filing an Irregular Block.—To file a block of an irregular character so that the dimensions are accurate, is a good test for an accomplished workman. The job is made doubly difficult if he is required to file it square at the same time. It will[p. 49] be found, invariably, that the sides will not be parallel, and by the time it is fully trued up the piece will be too small. See [Figs. 44] and [45].
Then, unless the utmost care is taken, the flat sides will not be flat, but rounded.
Filing a Bar Straight.—The next test is to get the boy to file a bar straight. He has no shaper or planer for the purpose, so that it must be done by hand. He will find himself lacking in two things: The edge of the bar will not be straight; nor will it be square with the side of the bar.
| Fig. 44. Rounded Surface | Fig. 45. A Winding Face [ToList] |
Filing Bar with Parallel Sides.—Follow up this test by requiring him to file up a bar, first, with two exactly parallel sides, and absolutely straight, so it will pass smoothly between the legs of a pair of calipers, and then file the two other sides in like manner.
Surfacing off Disks.—When the foregoing are completed there is still another requirement which, though it appears simple, is the supreme test. Set him to work at surfacing off a pair of disks or plates, say one and a half inches in diameter, so[p. 50] that when they are finished they will fit against each other perfectly flat.
A pair of such disks, if absolutely true, will hold together by the force of cohesion, even in a dry state, or they will, as it were, float against each other.
True Surfacing.—Prior to about 1850 the necessity of true surfacing was not so important or as well known as at the present time. About that period Sir J. Whitworth, an eminent English engineer and mechanic, called the attention of machinists to the great advantage arising from true surfaces and edges for all types of machinery, and he laid the foundation of the knowledge in accurating surfacing.
Precision Tools.—Due to his energy many precision tools were made, all tending to this end, and as a result machines became better and more efficient in every way.