In view of this uncertainty, and of the possibility, if not the probability, of these beliefs remaining as they have remained, at least approximately universal, the man of science will probably be disposed to hold himself indifferently to the question. He will be inclined to say, "What does it matter whether you call such an apparently permanent belief the correlative of a reality or an illusion? Does it make any practical difference whether a universal 'intuition,' of which we cannot rid ourselves, be described as a uniformly recurring fiction of the imagination, or an integral constitutive factor of intelligence? And, in considering the historical aspect of the question, does it not come to much the same thing whether such permanent mental products be spoken of as the attenuated forms or ghostly survivals of more substantial primitive illusions (for example, anthropomorphic representations of material objects, 'animistic' representations of mind and personality), or as the slowly perfected results of intellectual evolution?"
This attitude of the scientific mind towards philosophic problems will be confirmed when it is seen that those who seek to resolve stable common convictions into illusions are forced, by their very mode of demonstration, to allow these intuitions a measure of validity. Thus, the ideas of the unity and externality attributed to the object in the act of perception are said by the associationist to answer to a matter of fact, namely, the permanent coexistence of certain possibilities of sensation, and the dependence of the single sensations of the individual on the presence of the most permanent of these possibilities, namely, those of the active or muscular and passive sensations of touch, which are, moreover, by far the most constant for all minds. Similarly, the idea of a necessary connection between cause and effect, even if illusory in so far as it expresses an objective necessity, is allowed to be true as an expression of that uniformity of our experience which all scientific progress tends to illustrate more and more distinctly. And even the idea of a permanent self, as distinct from particular fugitive feelings, is admitted by the associationist to be correct in so far as it expresses the fact that mind is "a series of feelings which is aware of itself as past and future." In short, these "illusory intuitions," by the showing of those who affirm them to be illusory, are by no means hallucinations having no real object as their correlative, but merely illusions in the narrow sense, and illusions, moreover, in which the ratio of truth to error seems to be a large one.
It would thus appear that philosophy tends, after all, to unsettle what appear to be permanent convictions of the common mind and the presuppositions of science much less than is sometimes imagined. Our intuitions of external realities, our indestructible belief in the uniformity of nature, in the nexus of cause and effect, and so on, are, by the admission of all philosophers, at least partially and relatively true; that is to say, true in relation to certain features of our common experience. At the worst, they can only be called illusory as slightly misrepresenting the exact results of this experience. And even so, the misrepresentation must, by the very nature of the case, be practically insignificant. And so in full view of the subtleties of philosophic speculation, the man of science may still feel justified in regarding his standard of truth, a stable consensus of belief, as above suspicion.
Transcribers note: In the original some footnotes read 'note[1]and note[2]'. They have been renumbered to allow readers to refer directly to them.
INDEX.
A.
Abercrombie, Dr. J, [141], note[82], [278].
Abnormal life, relation of,
to normal, [1], [120], [121], [124], [182], [277], [284], note[132], [336];
effects of amputation, [62];
modification of sensibility in, [65];
gross sense-illusions of, [111], hallucinations of, [118];
sense of personal identity in, [289].
Active, stage in perception, [27];
illusion distinguished from passive, [45], [332-334].
Actor. See Theatre.
Adaptation, illusion as want of, [124], [188], [339].
Æsthetic intuition, [213];
illusions of, [214].
After-dreams, [144], [183].
After-sensation, after-impression, [55], [115].
Anæsthesia, [65].
Ancestral experience, results of, [281].
Animals, recognition of portraits by, [105];
expectation of, [298].
Anthropomorphism, [225], [360].
Anticipation. See Expectation.
Apparitions. See Hallucination.
Aristotle, [130].
Art, illusions of, [77], [104].
Artemidoros, [129].
Association, laws of, in perception, [22];
in dreams, [153], [156];
link of resemblance in dreams, [159];
associative dispositions in dreams, [169];
effect of, in insight, [221];
inseparable, [359].
Associationist, views of, [349], [352], [355].
Attention, involved in perception [21];
absence of, in sense-illusion, [39], [87];
relation of, to recognition of objects, [90];
expectant, [93];
attitude of, in dreaming, [137], [172];
to internal mental states, [194];
absence of, in errors of insight, [228].
Authority, influence of, in introspection, [210];
in belief, [325].
Autobiography, errors connected with, [276], [280].
Automatic activity of centres, in hallucinations, [113];
in dreams, [136], [151];
automatic intellectual processes, [300], [335], [352].
B.
Baillarger, J., [13], note [1], [113], note[57], [119],
notes[64] and [65]], [120], note[66].
Bain, Dr. A., [32], note[12], [117], note[60], [190].
Beattie, J., [141], note[82]].
Beauty, sentiment of, [206], [213].
Belief, immediate, [14], [15], [294];
simple and compound, [296];
illusory forms of, [297];
simple expectation, [297];
expectation, of extra-personal experiences, [307];
retrospective, [309];
in persistent objects and persons, [312];
self-esteem, [315];
representation of classes of things, [322];
representations of mankind, [322];
representation of life and the world as a whole, [322];
as predisposition to error, [324];
amount of divergence in, [325];
tendency towards convergence in, [326].
Beneficial, correct knowledge as, [340];
illusion as, [342].
Berkeley, Bishop, [218], [349], note[154].
Binet, A., [53], note[20].
Boismont, Brierre de, [11], note[1].
Börner, J., [146].
Braid, James, [186], [187].
Brewster, Sir D., [42], [73], [81], [116].
Brücke, E., [77], note[38].
Byron, Lord, [116].
C.
Carpenter, Dr. W.B., [32], note[12], [108], [110], note[56], [186], [231],
note[111], [265], note[125], [276].
Castle-building, as illusory perception, [3], [99].
Cause, idea of, in science, [344];
reality of relation of, [347], [349], [356], [360].
Change, a condition of conscious life, [252], [287], note[133].
Childhood, our recollections of, [263], [269].
Children, curiosity of, [175], [180];
estimate of time by, [256];
confusion of dream and waking life by, [276];
imagination of, [279];
self-assertion of, [319];
intellectual condition of, [357], note[159].
Clarke, Dr. E.H., [117].
Classification, in recognition of sensation, [21];
in recognition, of object, [24];
in introspective recognition, [193].
Clifford, Professor W.K., [56], note[24].
Coalescence, of sensations, [43], [52];
of dream-images, [162];
of internal feelings, [196];
of mnemonic images, [265].
Cœnæsthesis, [41], [99], [145], [286], [288].
Cognition, immediate or intuitive, [5], [14-16], [294];
presentative and representative, [9], [13], [217], [330];
nature of, in dreams, [168], [172];
nature of, generally, [295], [331];
philosophic problems of, [346].
Colour, external reality of, [8], [37];
illusory perception of, [37], [88];
subjective complementary colours (colour-contrast), [67], [83].
Coloured media, objects seen through, [82].
Common cognition, and truth, [337];
genesis and validity of, [353].
Common experience distinguished from
individual, [26], [27], [137], [209], [214], [336], [351];
illusion as, [47],[325], [337].
Common sense, intuitions of, [346], [349], [352], [357].
Complementary colours, [67], [83].
Concave, apparent conversion of, into convex, [84].
Conjuror, tricks of, [56], [106].
Consciousness, veracity of, [192], [205];
inspection of phenomena of, [196];
of self, [283], [285].
Consensus, the standard of truth, [7], [8], [211], [325], [338], [357].
Conservation of energy, [343].
Construction, rational, in dreams, [170].
Continuum, the perception of the world as, [52], [56], note[24] .
Correction of illusion, in sense-illusion, [38], [124], [137];
dreams, [182];
introspection, [210];
insight, [229];
memory, [291];
historical correction [338];
intellectual processes involved in, [351].
Criterion of illusion, [337].
Cudworth, R., [161]
D.
Deception of the senses, [19];
self-deception, [200];
conscious deception of others, [222].
Delbœuf, J., [175], note[97]. [235], note[113].
Delirium tremens, [118], note[62].
Democritus, [130].
De Quincey, [253], [280].
Descartes, R., [116], [350].
Dickens, Charles, [277].
Direction, illusory sense of, in vision, [66], [71], [73];
in hearing, [72], [75].
Disease. See Abnormal life.
Dissolution. See Evolution.
Doubt, starting-point in philosophy, [350].
Dreams, relation of, to illusions of sense, [18], [130];
and waking experience, [127];
theories of, [128];
physiology of, [131];
extent of, in sleep, [132];
psychological conditions of, [136];
excitants of, [139], [143];
exaggeration in, [147];
symbolism of, [149];
as results of automatic activity of centres, [151];
as results of association, [153];
structure of, [156];
incoherent, [156];
coherent, [161];
action of feeling in, [164];
play of associative dispositions in, [168];
co-operation of attention and intelligence in, [172];
limits of intelligence in, [180];
after-dreams, [183], [274];
relation of, to hypnotic condition, [185];
experience of, in relation to errors of memory, [273].
E.
Eccentricity, law of, [59].
Ego. See Self.
Emotion, and illusion of perception, [103];
and hallucination, [115];
and bodily sensations, [150];
control of dreams by, [164];
introspection of, [199];
and illusion of introspection, [203];
and æsthetic intuition, [213];
and illusion of memory, [270];
and illusion of belief, [306], [324];
and cognition generally, [357], note[159].
Empiricism, philosophic, [348].
Ennui, and sense of time, [250].
Environment, sources of sense-illusion in, [47], [48], [70];
view of, in mental disease, [290], [326];
view of, in normal life, [323];
action of, in assimilating belief, [339].
Error, immediate and mediate, [6], [334].
Esquirol, J.E.D., [12], note[2].
Evolution, relation of, to dissolution, [122];
of power of introspection, [209];
of power of insight, [230];
and self-assertion, [320];
evolutionist's view of error, [339];
doctrine of, as science, [346].
Exaggeration, in interpretation of sensations, [65];
in dream-interpretation, [147];
in memory, [269].
Expectation, preliminary to perception, [30];
and illusory perception, [93], [102], [106];
nature of, [295];
and memory, [298];
of new experience, [301];
of remote events, [302];
measurement of duration in, [302];
action of imagination in, [305];
extension of meaning of, [307], [308].
Experience, effect of, in perception, [22], [68], [85], [86], [91];
external and internal, [194], [210];
revivals of waking, in dreams, [152];
effects of present, on retrospection, [267];
anticipation of new, [301].
External world. See World.
F.
Fallacy and illusion [6], [335];
of testimony, [265].
Familiarity, sense of, in new objects, [272], [281].
Fechner, G.T., [51].
Ferrier, Dr., [32], note[12], [58], note[26].
Fiction, as producing illusion, [278], [279], [311].
Fitness. See Adaptation.
Flattery, rationale of, [200], [222].
Forgetfulness and illusion, [278], [279], [311].
Free-will, doctrine of, [207], [342], [356].
Future. See Expectation.
G.
Galton, F., [117].
Ghosts. See Hallucination.
Goethe, [116], [117], [280] and note[131].
Griesinger, W., [13], note[2], [63], note[31], [66], note[32], [115], [118], note[62],
[119], note[64] , [120], note[66], [290], note[135], [327], note[146].
Gruithuisen, [143], [144].
Gurney, E., [224], note[109].
H.
Hall, G.S., [186], note[102].
Hallucination, and illusion, [11], [109], [111], [112], [121];
and subjective sensation, [63], [109], [121];
sensory and motor, [66];
nervous conditions of, [112-114];
incomplete and complete, [113];
as having either central or peripheral origin, [113];
causes of, classified, [115];
in sane condition, [116];
in insanity, [118];
visual and auditory, [119];
dreams regarded as, [139], [151];
hypnagogic, [143];
after-dreams and ghosts, [183];
of memory, [271];
relation of, to errors of belief, [322];
intuition of external world regarded as, [355].
Happiness, feeling of, [200].
Harmful, illusion as, [188], [229], [292], [339].
Harmless, illusions as, [124], [292], [341].
Hartley, D., [139], [256], note[124], [279].
Hearing, as mode of perception, [34], [48];
localization of impression in, [60];
sense of direction in, [72];
activity of, in sleep, [140];
and muscular sense, [171].
Heidenhain, Dr., [186-188].
Helmholtz, H., [22], [23], note[7], [44], [51], [54] and note[22], [55], note[23],
[57], [67], note[33], [78], note[39], [80], [85], note[43], [88], [90], [207], note[105].
Heraclitus, [137].
Heredity, and illusion of memory, [280];
action of, in perpetuating intuition, [359].
Hering, E., [67], note[33].
Hodgson, Shadworth H., [347], note[153].
Holland, Sir H., [277].
Hood, Thomas, [146].
Hope, illusory. See Expectation.
Hoppe, Dr. J.I., [51], [58], note[26].
Horwicz, A., [145], note[85].
Hume, D., [355].
Huxley, Professor T., [119], note[63].
Hyperæsthesia, [65].
Hypnotism, [185].
Hypochondria, [65].
Hypothesis, as illusory, [310], [311].
I.
Idealism, [348].
Identity, cases of mistaken, [267].
Identity, personal, confusion of, in dreams, [163];
consciousness of, [241], [267], [282], [285];
illusory forms of, [283];
gross disturbances of, in normal life, [287];
in abnormal life, [289];
momentary confusions of, [293].
Illusion, definition of, [1];
varieties of, [9];
extent of, [328];
rationale of, [331], [337].
Image (physical). See Reflection.
Image (mental), in perception, [22];
seat of, [32];
in dreams, [138];
mnemonic, [236].
Imagination, play of, in perception, [95], [99];
and sense-illusion, [106];
nature of, in dreaming, [136], [161];
as antecedent of dream, [152], [158];
as poetic interpretation of nature, [224];
memory corrupted by effect of past, [264], [273], [277];
present, creating the semblance of recollection, [267], [271];
play of, in expectation, [305];
as element of illusion generally, [333].
Immediate. See Cognition.
Individual, and common experience, [26], [27], [137], [209], [214], [336];
dream-experience as, [44], [68];
internal experience as, [209];
memory as, [232];
belief and truth, [338].
Inference, and immediate knowledge, [6], [334];
in perception, [22], [26], [68];
in belief, [295].
Innate, recollection as, [280];
principles, [295], [356].
Insane, sense-illusions of, [63], [65], [111];
hallucinations of, [118];
dreaming and state of, [182];
mnemonic illusions of, [278], [289];
beliefs of, [327].
Insight, nature of, [217];
illusions of, defined, [220];
passive illusions of, [220];
histrionic illusion, [222];
active illusions of, [223];
poetic interpretation of nature, [224];
value of faculty of, [228].
Interpretation, in correct perception, [22];
of impression and experience, [70];
and volition, [95];
and fixed habits of mind, [101];
and temporary attitude of mind, [102];
of sensations in dreams, [137], [147];
of internal feelings, [203];
of others' feelings, [217];
of nature by poet, [225];
recollection as, [242].
Introspection, nature of, [14], [189];
illusory forms of, [190];
confusion of inner and outer experiences, [194];
inaccurate inspection of feelings, [196];
presentation and representation confused, [199];
feelings and inferences from these, [203];
moral self-scrutiny, [204];
philosophic, [205];
value of, [208].
Intuition. See Cognition.
Intuitivism, [348].
J.
Jackson, Dr. J. Hughlings, [27], note[9], [33], [123], note[67].
Johnson, Dr., [116].
K.
Klang, as compound sensation, [53].
Knowledge. See Cognition.
L.
Language, function of, [195].
Leibnitz, [133].
Lélut, L.F., [120], note[66].
Lessing, G. E., [133], note[73].
Leuret, [290], note[135].
Lewes, G.H., [28], [32], note[12], [52], note[18], [62], note[30], [68],
note[35], [89], note[45], [115], note[58], [150].
Life, our estimate of, [323], [326], [327].
Light, sensation and perception of, [59];
effects of reflection and refraction, of, [73];
representation, of, in painting, [88], [91];
action of, in sleep, [140].
Localization, as local discrimination of sensations, [52];
as localizing of sensations, [59], [60];
illusory, [61], [82];
in hallucination, [118], [119];
in dreaming, [148];
of events in time, in memory, [238], [245];
in expectation, [304].
Locke, [133], note[73].
Lotze, H., [60], note[29].
Lover, illusion of, [224], [227], [342].
Luminosity of painting, [88], [91].
Lustre, as compound sensation, [54].
Lyell, Sir Charles, [311].
M.
Magic, arts of, [73].
Magnitude, apparent, in vision, [75], note[37];
perception of, in pictorial art, [88], [91];
of time-intervals, [245], [249];
recollection of, [268].
Malebranche, [116].
Mankind, our views of, [322].
Matter. See World (material).
Maudsley, Dr. H., [32], note[12].
Maury, A., [140], [143], [153], note[92], [159], [163], note[94] ,[173].
Mayer, Dr. A., [66], note[32].
Measurement, subjective, of time, [245].
Media, coloured, illusions connected with presence of, [82].
Memory, nature of, [9], [13], [231];
veracity of, [232], [290];
defined, [234];
psychology of, [236];
physiology of, [237];
localization of events in, [238];
and sense of personal identity, [241], [283];
illusions of, [241];
illusory localization, [245], [256];
distortions of, [261];
hallucinations of, [271];
illusions respecting personal identity, [283];
relation of, to belief, [295];
compared with expectation, [297];
and inference, [335].
Metempsychosis, [294].
Meyer, H., [83], [144].
Mill, J.S., [298], note[138], [309].
Mirrors, as means of delusion, [73].
Misanthropist, [2], [323].
Mitchell, Dr. Weir, [62].
Monomania, [111].
Moral, intuition, [216];
self-inspection, [204].
Motor illusions. See Muscular sense.
Movement, apparent, [50], [57], [73], [81], [95], [107];
in dreams, [142], [154].
Müller, Johannes, [58], note[27], [100], [117], [143].
Muscæ volitantes, [118], note[62].
Muscular sense, in perception, [23];
illusions connected with, [50], [57], [62], [66];
co-operation, of, in dreams, [142], [154].
Music, subjective interpretation of, [223].
N.
Natural selection, effect of, in eliminating error, [340].
Nature, personification of, [224];
uniformity of, [344], [360].
Necessity, idea of, [349], [360].
Nervous system, and conditions of perception, [31];
connections of, [32], [169];
function of, and force of stimulus, [47], [50];
prolonged activity of, [55];
specific energy of, [58];
variations in state of, [64];
fatigue of, [65], [115];
disease of, ibid.;
nervous conditions of hallucination, [112], [115];
nervous dissolution and evolution, [122];
condition of, in sleep, [131];
in hypnotic condition, [186];
nervous conditions of memory, [237];
nervous conditions of illusion in general, [334].
Normal life, relation of,
to abnormal, [1], [121], [124], [182], [277], [284], note[132];
hallucinations of, [116].
O.
Object, nature of, [36], [353].
Objective and subjective experience, [26], [27], [137], [214].
Old age, dreams how regarded in, [276].
Oneirocritics, [129].
Opera, illusion connected with, [104].
Optimism, [323], [327], [342].
Organic sensations, discrimination of, [41];
interpretation of, [99];
in sleep, [145], [148].
Organism, conditions of illusion in, [47], [50];
relation of our conception of the universe to sensibilities of, [343].
Orientation, [125], [138].
P.
Pain, recollection of, [264], [270].
Painting, representation of third dimension by, [77];
apparent movement of eye in portrait, [81];
discrepancies between, and object in magnitude and luminosity, [88];
realization of, and mental preparation, [105];
realization of, by animals, [105].
Paræsthesia, [68].
Paralysis of ocular muscles, [66].
Passive, and active factor in perception, [27];
and active illusion, [45].
Percept, [22];
and sense-impression, [59].
Perception, a form of immediate knowledge, [10], [13], [17], [18];
external and internal, [14];
philosophy of, [14], [20], [22], [36], [346], [348], [353], [355], [359];
illusions of, [19], [35];
psychology of, [20];
and inference, [22], [26], [76];
physiological conditions of, [31].
Persistent objects, representation of, [312].
Persistent self. See Personal identity.
Personal equation, in perception, [101];
in æsthetic intuition, [214];
in memory, [292];
in belief, [324].
Personal identity, consciousness of, [241], [282], [285];
illusions connected with, [283];
disturbances in sense of, [287];
sense of, in insanity, [289];
momentary confusions of, [293];
philosophic problem of, [285], [354], [360].
Personification of nature, [224].
Perspective, linear, [79], [97], [98];
aerial, [80];
of memory, [245].
Pessimism, [323], [327].
Phenomenalism, [348].
Philosophy, conception of illusion by, [7], [36], [205], [285], [349];
of mind, [132], [285], [344], [348];
as theory of knowledge, [295], [346];
and science, [346], [348];
and common sense, [347], [349];
problems of, [347].
Phosphenes, [58].
Physical science. See Science.
Plato, [281].
Platonists, [349].
Pleasure, feeling of, [200];
recollection of, [264], [270].
Plutarch, [133], note[73].
Poetry, lyrical and dreams, [164];
misinterpretation of, [223];
personification, [224].
Points, discrimination of, [52].
Poisons, action of, [115].
Pollock, F., [184], note[101].
Pollock, W.H., [184].
Predisposition, action of, in perception, [44], [101], [102];
in æsthetic intuition, [215];
in insight, [223];
in recollection, [268];
in belief, [305], [319];
belief as, [324].
Prejudice. See Predisposition.
Prenatal experience, recollection of, [281].
Preperception, [27];
illusions connected with, [44], [93];
voluntary, [95];
result of habit of mind, [101];
result of temporary conditions, [102];
as sub-expectation, [102];
as definite expectation, [106].
Presentation and representation, [9], [10], [13], [14], [192], [234], [329], [330].
Projection, outward, of sensations, [63];
of mental image, [111], [112];
of solid form on flat, [79], [81], [96].
Prophetic, dreams as, [129], [147], note[88];
enthusiast, [307].
Psychology, popular and scientific, [9], [10];
distinguished from philosophy, [14], [36], [345], [352];
introspective method of, [208];
as a kind of philosophy, [305].
Public events, localization, of, by memory, [258].
R.
Radestock, P., [130], note[71], [132], note[72], [134], note[75], [140], [141],
[149], note[90], [162], [182], [275].
Rationalism, philosophic, [348].
Realism, [348].
Reality, nature of, [36], [346].
Recognition, and perception, [24], [25];
illusions of, [87];
and memory, [234].
Reflection (of light), illusions connected with, [73], [83].
Refraction and optical illusion, [73].
Relative, sensation as, [64];
attention to magnitude and brightness as, [91];
estimate of duration as, [249].
Relief, illusory perception of, [75], [96].
Representation and presentation, [9], [10], [13], [14], [192].
Retrospection. See Memory.
Ribot, T., [238], note[114], [290], note[135].
Richter, J.P., [143].
Robertson, Professor G.C., [35], note[14].
Romanes, G.J., [105], note[52], [250], note[122].
Rousseau, [280].
S.
Savage, dream theory of, [128];
idea of nature of, [225].
Scherner, C.A., [140], [149].
Schopenhauer, A., [145], [342].
Schroeder, H., [85].
Science, philosophy and, [8], [36], [285], [344];
conception of the material world in physical, [36], [343], [346], [347];
and common cognition, [338], [357].
Scott, Sir W., [116], [125].
Secondary qualities, [36], [344].
Selection, process of, in perception, [95];
in dreams, [174];
in memory, [257], [263].
Self, confusion of, in dreams, [163];
introspective knowledge of, [192];
self-deception, [200];
identity of, [241], [282], [285];
confusion of present and past, [267], [284];
disturbances in recognition of, [287], [289];
momentary confusions of, [295];
confusion of present and future, [305].
Self-esteem, illusion of, [315];
origin of, [319];
utility of, [342].
Self-preservation, [320].
Sensation, element in perception, [20];
discrimination and classification of, [21];
interpretation of, [22];
inattention to, [39], [87];
modified by central reaction, [39], [87], [89], [91];
confusion of novel, [40];
indistinct, [41];
misinterpretation of, [44];
relation of, to stimulus, [46], [50];
limits to discrimination of, [52];
after-impression, [55];
subjective, [59], [62], [107], [143];
localization of, [59].
Sensibility, limits of, [50];
variations of, [64].
Sensualism, philosophic, [348].
Shadow, cast, [77].
Shakespeare, [3].
Sight, mode of perception, [19], [33], [34], [48], [49];
local discrimination in, [52];
single vision, [54];
localization of impression in, [60];
in sleep, [139];
images of, in sleep, [150], [154].
Single, vision, [54];
touch, [72].
Sleep, mystery of, [127];
physiology of, [131].
Sleight of hand. See Conjuror.
Smell, as mode of perception, [34], note[14];
localization of impression in, [60];
subjective sensations of, [108];
in sleep, [141];
and taste, [171].
Solidity, illusory perception of, [75], [96].
Space, representation of, [207].
Specific energy of nerves, [58].
Spectra, ocular, etc. See Subjective sensation.
Spencer, Herbert, [32], note[12], [128], note[69], [323], [340].
Spinoza, [143], [184].
Spiritualist séances, [103], [107], [123], [265].
Stereoscope, [75].
Stewart, Dugald, [172], [306].
Stimulus, qualitative relation of, to sensations, [46], [58], [67];
quantitative relation of, to sensation, [50], [64];
after-effect of, [55];
prolonged action of, [56];
subjective or internal, [62];
exceptional relation of, to organ, [70];
action of, in sleep, [135], [139], [143];
in hypnotic condition, [186].
Strümpell, L., [144], [147], note[89].
Subjective, experience, [26], [27], [137], [214];
movement, [51], [57];
sensation, [59], [62], [107], [113], [121], [143].
Suggestion, by external circumstances, [30], [44], [89], [91], [267];
verbal, [30], [106], [188], [215], [268], [301], [310].
Symbol, dream as, [129], [149].
Sympathy, basis of knowledge, [223];
and illusion of insight, [223];
and illusion of memory, [277];
and momentary illusion, [293].
T.
Taine, H., [60], note[29], [108], note[54],[117], note[59], [137],
[298], note[137], [356], note[158].
Taste, æsthetic. See Æsthetic intuition.
Taste, localization of impression in, [60];
subjective sensations of, [63];
variations in sensibility, [68];
activity of, in sleep, [141];
and smell, [171].
Temperament, a factor in sense-illusion, [101];
in dreams, [137];
in illusory belief, [325];
in illusion generally, [334], note[149].
Temperature, sense of, [65].
Tennyson, A., [226].
Testa, A.J., [131].
Testimony, of consciousness, [205];
fallacies of, [265];
to identity, [267].
Thaumatrope, [56].
Theatre, illusion of the, [104], [222];
self-deception of the actor, [200].
Thompson, Professor S.P., [51], note[17].
Thought, in relation to belief, [326].
Time, retrospective idea of, [239], [246], [250];
constant error in estimate of, [245];
subjective estimate of, [249];
contemporaneous estimate of, [250];
sense of, in insanity, [290];
prospective estimate of, [303].
Touch, as form of perception, [33], [34], [49];
local discrimination in, [52];
subjective sensations of, [62];
variations in sensibility of, [65];
in sleep, [141].
Transformation, in perception, [94];
of images in dreams, [163];
in memory, [262], [267];
in expectation, [305].
Trick. See Conjuror.
Tuke, Dr., [110].
Tylor, E.B., [128], note[69].
U.
Unconscious, inference, [22], [68], [269], [335], note[150];
mental activity, [133], [235];
impressions, [41], [152].
Useful. See Beneficial.
V.
Vanity. See Self-esteem.
Venn, J., [299], note[139].
Ventriloquism, [82].
Verification, of sense-impression, [38], [351];
of self-inspection, [210];
of memory, [291].
Verisimilitude, in art, [80], [88];
in theatrical representation, [104];
in dreams, [168].
Vierordt, [245].
Vision. See Sight.
Visions, [1], [110];
dreams regarded as, [128], [131].
Vital sense. See Cœnæsthesis.
Voice, internal, [119], [194];
activity of, in dreams, [155].
Volition, and perception, [95];
absence of, during sleep, [137],[172];
co-operation of, in correction, of illusion, [352].
Volkelt, J., [172].
W.
Weber, E.H., [43].
Weinhold, Professor, [186].
Wetness, perception of, [53].
Wheatstone, Sir C, [75].
Wheel of life, [56].
Will. See Volition.
Wordsworth, W., [281].
World, our estimate of, [323], [326], [327];
scientific conception of material, [8], [36], [343], [344];
reality of external, [344-346], [349], [353], [355], [360].
Wundt, Professor, W. [13], note[2], [31], note[11], [32], note[12], [58], note[27],
[67], note[34], [75], [93], note[47], [118], note[63], [136], note[77], [139], [143],
[177], [246], [247], note[119], [251], [252], [254].