3. Mania remittens—remittent mania
B. According to degree:
1. Mania adstricta seu instinctiva—partial or limited mania. (Mania sine delirio of Pinel.) (Moral insanity, monomania.)
2. Mania sparsa—general mania.
This is said to have been based on Jacobi's somato-aetiological theory (1830) that "there is no disease of the mind existing as such, but that insanity exists solely as the consequence of disease, either functional or organic, in some parts of the body system." Heinroth[137] saw in the various mental disorders a disturbance of one or the other of the normal functions of the mind which he divided into three classes. "If the cause of derangement is in relation to one of these manifestations of mental existence—and to one or another it must belong, since the mind is ever occupied with phenomena related to one out of the three classes—we have only to inquire to which modification the disorder actually refers itself, or whether it affects the feelings, the understanding, or the will. Since one of these has possession of our consciousness, or is at least predominant at every point of time, whichever function of the mind happens to be that which is falling into disorder, by it the form of insanity is determined." Griesinger[138] in 1845, on the other hand, was of the opinion that all classifications must in the end return to the principal forms previously described—mania, melancholia and dementia. In 1860 Morel announced his well-known classification: Hereditary Insanity, which included imbecility and idiocy; Toxic Insanity (alcohol, lead, mercury, etc., as well as cretinism); Insanity produced by the transformation of other diseases (hysterical, epileptic, hypochondriacal); Idiopathic Insanity (general paresis, etc.); Sympathetic Insanity, and Dementia, "a terminative state."
Maudsley spoke of Affective or Pathetic, and Ideational Insanity. The former was divided into maniacal perversion, melancholic depression and moral alienation. The latter included general forms (mania or melancholia), partial forms (monomania or melancholia), dementia (primary and secondary), general paralysis and imbecility. Régis described five forms of mania, five of melancholia, two of insanity of double form, and a systematized progressive insanity. In addition to these, he divided constitutional insanity into two groups—the degeneracy of evolution and the degeneracy of involution. Krafft-Ebing[139] included melancholia, mania, primary dementia, exhaustion psychoses and terminal conditions in his group of psychoneuroses. Under the heading of degenerative forms he described constitutional affective insanity, paranoia and periodical insanity. Neurasthenic, epileptic, hysterical and hypochondriacal psychoses were grouped together under the constitutional neuroses. In addition to this he described chronic intoxications, organic brain diseases and arrested development. At a meeting of the International Congress of Alienists in 1889 the following classification was adopted: 1. Mania; 2. Melancholia; 3. Periodical Insanity; 4. Progressive Systematical Insanity; 5. Dementia; 6. Organic and Senile Dementia; 7. General Paralysis; 8. Insane Neurosis (hysteria, epilepsy, hypochondriasis, etc.); 9. Toxic Insanity; 10. Moral and Impulsive Insanity; and 11. Idiocy. Ziehen[140] had a classification scheme which represented an advance in some respects. Mania and melancholia were described as affective psychoses, and paranoia as an intellectual disorder. He also referred to mixed or combined forms. Imbecility, general paresis, terminal deteriorations, etc., were grouped together under the general heading of psychoses with intellectual defects.
The British Medico-Psychological Association has had an official classification for many years. This was quoted by Savage[141] in 1907 as follows:—
1. Congenital or infantile mental deficiency (idiocy or imbecility) occurring as early in life as it can be observed:
(1) Intellectual
a. Without epilepsy