FIG. PAGE
Border from an edition of Herodotus[Frontispiece][Frontispiece]
295.Alabastron, Phœnician[366]
98.Altar, Portable, German[116]
151.Altar Front, Golden, Basle[188]
271.Archer, Norman, from the Bayeux Tapestry[321]
227.Bedroom Interior, Fourteenth Century[254]
136.Bell Shrine of St. Patrick’s[172]
73.Bellarmine, Fulham Stoneware[83]
234.Bellows, Italian[262]
117.Bone Carving, Pastoral Staff, English[147]
315.Book, Cover of; Henri-Deux Style[404]
316.“Book of the Hours,” Cover for, designed by Geoffry Tory[406]
31.Bottle, Pilgrim’s, Urbino Ware[35]
51.Bottle, Pilgrim’s, Nevers Ware[57]
53.   ”      ”      ”[59]
297.Bottle, Glass, Ancient Roman[369]
299.Bottle, Glass, and Mosque Lamp, Enamelled Oriental[372]
184.Bowl, Eighteenth Century[215]
5.Bowl, Samian[5]
41.Bowl, Blue Persian[45]
79.Bowl of Chelsea-Derby Porcelain[92]
84.Bowl of Tobacco-pipe, Worcester Ware[98]
157.Bowl, Mazer, Ironmongers’ Hall[193]
309.Bowl, Glass, Chinese[387]
245.Bracket, English Carved[278]
193.Bracelet, Silver, Bengal[223]
213.Bronze Tripod, Greco-Roman[245]
137.Brooch, Tara[173]
138.Brooch, Tara, reverse[174]
270.Brocade, Velvet, Italian[315]
243.Cabinet, Boulle[275]
244.Cabinet or Armoire, Boulle[276]
238.Cabinet, French[266]
250.Cabinet Marquetry, with Sèvres Plaques[285]
256.Cabinet, Japanese, and Porcelain Dish[291]
215.Candelabra, Roman Bronze[246]
217.Candelabrum Roman, Marble[247]
66.Candelabrum, Dresden[75]
183.Candelabrum, Silver[215]
47.Candlestick, Henri-Deux Ware[52]
133.Candlestick, Base of, Milan Cathedral[169]
152.Candlestick, Gloucester[189]
153.Candlestick, Seven-branched, Cathedral of Milan[190]
154.Candlestick, Lower Boss of the Milan[191]
173.Candlestick, Bronze, Italian[207]
189.Candlestick, Silver-gilt, Louis Seize[217]
190.Candlestick, Silver-gilt, Italian[218]
273.Carpet, Embroidered Persian[323]
230.Carriage, Travelling, English[256]
231.   ”         ”      ”[256]
176.Casket, Silver[210]
29.Castel-Durante Ware[32]
156.Censer[193]
134.Chair of Dagobert[170]
209.Chair, Greek[243]
211.   ”      ”   ”[244]
219.Chair, Marble, Roman[248]
229.Chair, Coronation, Westminster Abbey[255]
235.Chair, Italian, Sixteenth Century[263]
237.Chair decorated with Gauffered Leather[265]
253.Chairs, Parlour, by Chippendale[288]
254.Chairs in Chinese style, by Chippendale[289]
102.Chalice of Ardagh[120]
145.Chalice, Spanish[181]
159.Chalices, Gothic[195]
160.Chalice[196]
161.   ”[196]
162.Chalice, German[196]
163.Chalice, Spanish[196]
164.Chalice, English, Oxford[197]
131.Chimera, Bronze, at Florence[164]
186.Chocolate Pot[216]
121.Coffer in Bone, Carved and Engraved[150]
233.Coffer, Marriage, of Carved Wood, Italian Work[260]
248.Commode with Lac Panels and Mounts, by Caffieri[282]
111.Coronation of Virgin, Ivory Caning, French[141]
218.Couch in Bronze, Roman[248]
212.Couches and Sofa, Greek[244]
96.Crown of Charlemagne[114]
82.Crown-Derby covered Cup and Saucer[95]
141.Crozier of Clonmacnois[177]
142.Crozier of Bronze, Irish, in Edinburgh[178]
140.Cumdach, or Case of Molaise’s Gospels[176]
103.Cup, with Translucent Enamels set transparently[123]
165.Cup, Standing, Cambridge[198]
166.Cup, Enamelled, King’s Lynn[198]
175.Cup, with Cover, Silver-gilt, French[209]
178.Cup of Gold, Oxford[210]
306.Cup, Drinking, Anglo-Saxon[383]
195.Cuttack, Native Silver Jewellery of[225]
196.Cuttack, Filigrain Jewellery of[225]
262.Damask, Silk, Early Saracenic[307]
266.Damask, Silk, Sicilian[311]
267.    ”        ”[312]
268.Damask, Silk, Florentine[313]
314.Dante’s “Inferno,” from Woodcut of[402]
269.Diaper in Velvet Brocade, Italian[314]
225.Dining Room[253]
226.Dining Table on Trestles[253]
7.Dish, Valencia[9]
15.Dish, Early Pesaro[19]
24.Dish, Lustred, Gubbio Ware[27]
28.Dish, Embossed Fruit, Gubbio[31]
32.Dish, Urbino[36]
35.Dish, Venetian[39]
43.Dish, Rhodian[47]
50.Dish, Rustic Palissy Ware[56]
57.Dish, Rouen Ware[63]
71.Dish, of Slip Ware, by Thomas Toft[81]
72.Dish, of Lambeth Delft[82]
148.Dish, Spanish, silver[184]
200.Door, Press, in Church of St. Jacques[231]
205.Door, Iron-bound, Monastery of Krems[238]
21.Drug-pot, Siena[26]
30.Drug-pot, Castel-Durante Ware[33]
94.Enamel, Cloisonné, Altar Tray and Chalice[111]
97.Enamel, Champlevé, of Geoffry Plantagenet[115]
99.Enamel, Châsse in Champlevé[117]
100.Enamel, Champlevé, French[118]
106.Enamel, Battersea[131]
108.Enamelled Haka Stand, Mongol period[135]
109.Enamelled Pen-and-ink Stand, Jaipur[136]
110.Enamelled Sarai, Punjaub[137]
93.Enamelled Tile, from Sindh[107]
311.Epistle of Jerome, from the, in “Book of Durrow”[393]
251.Escritoire of Marie-Antoinette[286]
3.Ewer, Greek or Etruscan[4]
48.Ewer and Tazza, Oiron Ware[53]
263.Fabric, Silk, of Iconium, Arabian (Lyons Museum)[308]
33.Faenza Plate[37]
34.Faenza Maiolica[38]
180.Fire-dog, Silver, at Knole Park[212]
294.Glass Vase or Bottle[365]
298.Glass Tablet in Relief, Roman[370]
300.Glass, Venetian Enamelled[375]
301.Glass, Venetian[376]
303.Glass, Spanish[380]
304.Glasses, German[381]
307.Glass, Stained[385]
308.Glass, Window, English[386]
90.Glazed Pierced Water-Bottle, from Madura[104]
274.Gloves, State, formerly belonging to Louis XIII[324]
198.Gold Jewellery of Bombay, Native[227]
128.Gold Brooch and Earrings, Etruscan[162]
202.Grille or Herse on Queen Eleanor’s Tomb, Westminster[233]
203.Grille, Tabernacle, from Ottoberg, Tyrol[236]
280.Guipure, Flemish[338]
281.Guipure Lace, Italian[339]
167.Hanap, German[199]
199.Hinges, &c., Haddiscoe Church[229]
201.Hinge to Porte Ste. Anne of Notre-Dame[232]
284.Honiton Lace, Modern[342]
158.Hour-glass Salt, Oxford[194]
112.Image Painter[142]
88.Incense Burner, Satsuma Ware[102]
89.Incense Burner, Arita Ware[103]
191.Italian Damascene Work[220]
118.Ivory Carving, Fourteenth-century Pierced Work[148]
119.Ivory Diptych, English[149]
120.Ivory Casket, Lid of, Spanish[150]
122.Ivory Comb[151]
123.Ivory Mirror Case[152]
124.Ivory Tankard, Flemish[154]
125.Ivory Panels of Pulpit Door, Saracenic[156]
126.Ivory Ink Horn[157]
127.Ivory Box, Indian[159]
114.Ivory Carving with Archangel[145]
115.Ivory Vase[145]
74.Jar, Staffordshire Stone[84]
147.Jewel, Spanish[183]
197.Jewellery, Native, of Trichinopoly, Madras[226]
261.Kincob of Ahmedabad[303]
285.Lace Point, Irish Modern[343]
276.Lace, Point, Genoese[334]
277.Lace, Grounds[335]
282.Lace, Point, Venetian, Finest Raised[340]
283.Lace, Mechlin, Border of[341]
257.Lacquered Boxes, Sindh[292]
258.Lacquered Leg of Bedpost, Sindh[293]
76.Lamp, Black Egyptian Ware, Wedgwood[88]
149.Lamp, Moorish[185]
278.Lappet, Brussels[336]
279.Lappet, “Point d’Alençon”[337]
113.Leaf of Roman Diptych[143]
204.Lock in Klagenfurt Museum, German[237]
312.“Lyme Missal,” page from the Caxton[397]
313.“Lyme Missal,” page from the Caxton, the Crucifixion[399]
17.Maiolica, Sgraffitto[22]
18.Maiolica Plate[23]
13.Medallion in Enamelled Earthenware, Della Robbia[17]
246.Mirror Frame, Seventeenth Century[279]
206.Mirror, Wrought-Iron, French[239]
242.Mirror Frame, Venetian[270]
310.Monogram, Illuminated, portion of “Book of Kells”[392]
144.Monstrance, Spanish[180]
168.Monstrance, Italian[200]
287.Mosaic, Roman, found at Avignon[347]
288.Mosaic, Roman, Ancient[348]
286.Mosaic, Roman, from Woodchester[346]
289.Mosaic, Head in, from “Battle of Issus”[350]
290.Mosaic, Geometric, Church of Ara Cœli, Rome[357]
291.Mosaic from the Alhambra[363]
292.Mosaic, Saracenic, from Monreale[363]
293.Mosaic, Indian, from the Taj Mehal[364]
129.Necklace, part of, Head of Bacchus, Etruscan[162]
194.Neck Ornament, Silver[224]
296.Necklace of Glass and Gold, Phœnician[367]
107.Necklace, Punjaub[134]
45.Ornament on Cupola of Mosque of Soliman the Great[49]
222.Panel, Flemish[252]
223.Panel, German[252]
224.Panel, English[252]
139.Pattern, Irish Trumpet[175]
146.Pax, Spanish[182]
169.Pax, Italian[201]
77.Pedestal, Jasper, Wedgwood Ware[89]
170.Pendant, Cellini, Paris[202]
20.Pesaro Portrait Dish[25]
16.Pitcher, Caffaggiolo Maiolica[21]
8.Plaque, Earthenware, Alcora Ware[11]
19.Plateau or Tazza, Caffaggiolo Ware[24]
22.Plate, Siena[26]
23.Plate, Siena[26]
54.Plateau, Rouen Ware[60]
56.      ”        ”[62]
58.Plate, Lille Ware[65]
59.Plate, Moustiers Ware[66]
60.Plate, Strasburg Ware[67]
86.Porcelain, Oriental, Chinese with French Ormoulu Mounting[100]
91.Pottery, Glazed, of Sindh[105]
92.      ”        ”        ”[106]
150.Rapiers, Spanish[186]
95.Reliquary, Byzantine, Cloisonné Enamel[113]
104.Salt-cellar[cellar], portions of, by Pierre Raymond[128]
49.Salt-cellar, Oiron Ware[54]
174.Salver, Flemish[208]
208.Seat, Assyrian[242]
221.Seat, Scandinavian[251]
228.Seats, Fourteenth Century[255]
220.Sella, Roman[248]
61.Sèvres Vase[69]
62.Sèvres Porcelain Clock[70]
63.Sèvres Vase[71]
192.Shield, Damascened in Gold, Indian[221]
155.Shrine or Reliquary[192]
172.Silver-gilt German Cup[206]
171.Spoons, Apostle, Cambridge[205]
116.Staff, Pastoral, German[146]
81.Statuette, Derby[94]
210.Stools and Chairs, Folding, Greek[243]
236.Stool of Carved Wood, Italian[264]
255.Stool and Armchair, Empire style[290]
143.Sword of Boabdil, Madrid[179]
272.Syon Cope, Portion of[322]
181.Table at Windsor Castle, Silver[213]
216.Tables, Roman[246]
232.Table (Kursy), Saracenic[257]
240.Table, Elizabethan[268]
249.Table, Writing, Louis Seize[284]
252.Table of Marie-Antoinette, inlaid with Sèvres Plaques[287]
177.Tankard, Nuremberg[210]
179.Tankard, English[211]
275.Tapestry, Italian, Dismissal of Hagar and Ishmael[331]
26.Tazza, by Giorgio, “The Stream of Life”[29]
27.Tazza, by Giorgio[30]
46.Tazza, Henri II. Ware[51]
207.Throne, Assyrian[242]
39.Tile, Persian[43]
12.Tile, Alhambra[15]
69.Tile, Encaustic, Monmouth Priory[79]
55.Tray, Rouen Ware[61]
259.Tree, Homa or Sacred, Assyrian[300]
260.Tree of Life, Assyrian[300]
265.Tree of Life, Apostolic, with the Cross Emblem[310]
214.Tripod, Folding, Roman[245]
185.Tureen at Windsor Castle[216]
70.Tyg of Wrotham Ware[80]
68.Urn, Romano-British[78]
1.Vase, Greek, Oinochœ[4]
2.Vase, Greek, or Crater[4]
4.Vase, Greek, Signed by Necosthenes[4]
6.Vase, Græco-Roman[6]
9.Vase, Buen-Retiro[12]
10.Vase, Alhambra[13]
11.Vase, Hispano-Moresque[14]
25.Vase in Copper-ruby Lustre[28]
37.Vase, Persian Flower, with Chinese Decoration[41]
44.Vase, Siculo-Arabian Ware[48]
52.Vase, Nevers Ware[58]
64.Vase, Delft[73]
67.Vase, Dresden[76]
78.Vase, Chelsea[91]
80.Vase, Bow Porcelain[93]
83.Vase, Worcester[96]
85.Vase, Chinese[99]
87.Vase, Ancient Japanese[101]
101.Vase, Enamelled, found in Essex[119]
105.Vase, Painted Enamel by Pierre Raymond[129]
187.Vase, Silver[216]
188.Vase, by Adam[216]
305.Vases, Decorated German[382]
130.Vessel, Etruscan Bronze[163]
247.Vessel for Holy-Water[280]
14.Virgin and Child, Della Robbia Ware[18]
302.“Vitro di Trina,” Venetian[377]
135.Votive Crown of King Suinthila[171]
40.Wall Decoration, Persian[44]
264.Wall Hanging, Silk, Arabian[309]
36.Ware, Persian Lustred[40]
42.Ware, Rhodian[46]
65.Ware, German Stone[75]
75.Ware, White Salt-Glazed, Staffordshire[85]
241.Ware, Great Bed of, Elizabethan[269]
38.Water-bottle, Persian imitated Chinese Porcelain[42]
132.Wine Crater in Silver, Antique Roman[165]
182.Wine Fountain[214]
239.Wood Panel, Carved, French[267]

HISTORIC ORNAMENT.

CHAPTER I.
POTTERY.

In a former volume of this work, under the respective headings, the Pottery of the Prehistoric ages, and of the oldest nations, as Egypt, Assyria, and Phœnicia, has been noticed. The pottery of primitive Greece has also been mentioned, and some illustrations have been given. It is here intended to give a brief outline of the history of Ceramics dating from about the end of the thirteenth century; but to connect this sketch with the notice of Cyprian pottery already given it will be necessary to say something of the Greek, Etruscan, and Roman pottery. Greek vases had been found in great quantities in Etruria before they were found in the islands and colonies of Greece, or to any extent in Athens, and from this circumstance they were wrongly supposed to have been of Etruscan workmanship. The Etruscans imported these vases from Greece during the fifth and sixth centuries B.C., many of which had been placed in their tombs, from where they have been exhumed during the last hundred and fifty years.

The vases found at Athens and other parts of Greece were also, as a rule, found in tombs and burial-places; one class in particular—the Athenian lekythi—were made specially to contain the sacred oil or wine and to be afterwards placed in the tomb. These vases are of a long, narrow, and elegant shape, and were decorated with appropriate funeral subjects outlined on a white ground. This white ground is known as matt, and is of a dull surface; it is not a glaze, but simply an engobe of clay fired at a very low temperature. The draperies of the figures are occasionally coloured red, brown, pale green, or a bluish tint, and some of them are remarkable for their beauty of drawing and expression of sentiment in the design. They date from B.C. 450 to 350. Greek vases are characterized by their beauty of shape as well as by their refined decoration. Some of the richly decorated ones were given as prizes to the victors in the Olympian games, and it has also been conjectured that some of the terra-cotta vases found in the tombs were designed to represent the costlier metal vases that were offered for prizes at the games held in honour of princes at their death, the coarser terra-cotta vases being used at the death of the common people.

The shapes of the Greek vases vary in the different periods, getting more elegant as they approached the middle period—the fifth and the first half of the fourth century B.C.—and larger in size with the handles more elaborate in the later periods. The principal varieties are known under the following names:—the Amphora, a full-bodied vase with two handles, used for carrying wine; the Hydria, a wider bodied vase, used for carrying water: it has generally one large and two smaller handles; the Crater, a large wide-mouthed vessel, used for mixing wine and water; the Lebes, a round basin usually placed on the top of a stand or tripod; the Oinochoè, a ewer-shaped vase, used for pouring out wine; the Lekythos, a long bottle-shaped vase, used for holding oil; the Aryballos, for perfumes or oil; the Cantharos, a two-handled cup on a foot, used for drinking purposes; the Kylix, a shallow cup on a foot, used for drinking wine; and the Rhyton, or drinking horn, made in the shape of an animal’s head or a sphinx.

Greek Ceramic ware, like the Etruscan and Roman, was coated with a scarcely perceptible thin glaze, supposed to be composed of a vitreous alkaline that merely hardened the clay body and left a very faint polish on the surface.

The colouring on the majority of the Greek vases of the sixth century is a brown or red glaze on which are painted the designs in black; the markings on the figures and drapery are incised, showing the groundwork, or being sometimes filled in with white, and the faces and limbs usually painted a white colour and fired at a low heat. Sometimes a purple tint was painted over the accessories. Vases of this period have also a white biscuit ground with similar coloured decorations as those of the red ground.

In the fifth century B.C. a change took place in the style of decoration: the figures and accessories are left in the red ground colour of the vase, and the surrounding groundwork is black; the interior markings are in faint yellow or black, and incised slightly with a tool. This is the period of the best designs and of delicate and correct drawing. Some of the kylixes of this period are exceedingly beautiful, and are usually signed with the name of the artist. Some artists’ names are Meidias, Polygnotos, Epictelos, Pamphaios, Brygos, Euphronius, &c. It is said that the greatest artists of Greece—Phidias, Polycletus, Apelles, and Myron—furnished designs for the potters.