Fig. 114.—Ivory Carving with Archangel. (B.M.)
Fig. 115.—Ivory Vase; Roman, Seventh Century. (B.M.)
Many objects of secular art, and articles that the wealthy could afford to use in every-day life, were made in ivory during the Middle Ages, such as book-covers, toilet-combs, mirror-cases, chessmen, horns, hilts of knives, swords, and daggers, caskets, small coffers, &c., in addition to the objects required for use in religious ceremonies, as pyxes, croziers, crucifixes, crosses, and taus, the latter being an early form of the pastoral staff. The pastoral staffs of ivory are not very common, and most examples known belong to the thirteenth century.
Fig. 116.—Pastoral Staff; German, Thirteenth Century. (S.K.M.)
The woodcut (Fig. 116) of the pastoral staff shows the subject of the Crucifixion on one side and the Virgin and Child with attendant angels on the other. It is German work of the thirteenth century, and is now in the Cathedral of Metz.
An older specimen of the pastoral staff, which Mr. Maskell thinks is English work, is carved in bone with interlacing scrolls, and has a grotesque and serpent forming the crook decorations (Fig. 117).
Fig. 117.—Pastoral Staff; Bone Caning, English; Twelfth Century.