[59] C. S. P. For., No. 451, December 21, 1559. Carriages came into use in the sixteenth century, the practice being borrowed from Italy. Catherine de Medici was the first queen who possessed one. For interesting information on this subject see Burgon, Life and Times of Sir Thomas Gresham, I, 242, 305, 383, 486, 487; Ellis, Letters, Series II, I, 253; Strutt, Dresses, II, 90, and a paper in Archeologia, XX, 426 ff.
[60] Castelnau, Book I, chap. v; La Planche, 232-34.
[61] Robert Stuart, who claimed to be a relative of Mary Stuart, was suspected of the murder. It was he who killed the constable Montmorency at the battle of St. Denis in 1567.—D’Aubigné, I, 255. Another upon whom suspicion rested was the natural son of the cardinal of Meudon, whom Minard had persuaded to leave all his property to the poor.—Nég. Tosc., III, 407.
[62] D’Aubigné, I, 255, II, chap. xvi. Two edicts were issued on December 17 from Chambord. See Isambert, XIV, 12.
[63] La Place, 28.
[64] La Planche, 209.
[65] La Place, 41; Tavannes, 241. “There be two kinds of the people whom the Papists term Huguenots, viz., Huguenots of religion, and Huguenots of State. The one of these perceiving that the cardinal works to ruin them, and their own peculiar force not sufficient to withstand his malice, have shown appearance that they will join with the other, who seeing themselves excluded from all government, and those of Guise to usurp the whole authority, presently practise a firm faction and league between themselves, either part promising to support the other.”—C. S. P. For., No. 2,235, May 31, 1568.
[66] Rel. vén., I, 523-25; II, 57; Davila, VI, 359. Claude Haton emphatically asserts the feudal purposes of the Huguenot noblesse: “Les grand seigneurs de la ligue condéienne et cause huguenoticque s’atendoient d’estre haults eslevez, non és offices royaux, mais au partage du royaume qu’ilz espéroient faire entre eux en le contonnant par provinces, desquelles ilz prétendoient d’estre seigneurs souverains, sans recognoistre roy ni aultre personne par dessus eux.”—I, 291. Tavannes characterizes the Huguenot association in 1572 as “demi-democratique et demi-aristocratique” (Panth. lit., 413). The identification of Calvinism with the political purposes of the nobles is shown in the following letter of the cardinal de Tournon to King Henri II, written “De Bains de Lucques, 9 juillet 1559”: “L’une des principal ruses de ces malheureux est de commencer, s’ils peuvent, à semer leur venin et mauvaise doctrine par les plus Grands, les attirer et gaigner à eux, afin de pouvoir après tout plus aisément & sans punition, infecter & gaster le reste & s’aider à un besoin de leur force & authorité.”—Ribier, II, 807.
The cardinal Tournon and the admiral Hennebault had been trusted with the duties of affairs of state after the fall of the constable Montmorency in 1541. When Henry II came to the throne Montmorency was restored to office and Tournon fell. After the death of Henry II the queen mother proposed the return of Cardinal Tournon. The Guises at first hesitated, but soon yielded, first because the cardinal was the personal enemy of the constable, and second, because he was very hostile to the reformed religion (Rev. hist., XIV, 72, 73).
[67] From an admirable article by E. Armstrong, “The Political Theory of the Huguenots,” Eng. Hist Rev., IV, 13 ff. Cf. Weill, Les théories sur le pouvoir royal en France pendant les guerres de religion, Paris, 1891.