Government in the United States, National, State and Local

by James Wilford Garner

Section 2. Congress shall have power, by appropriate legislation, to enforce the provisions of this article.

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INDEX

Adams, John, as President, [314].
Administrative courts in Europe, [364], n.
Ad valorem duties, [218].
Agriculture, Department of, [345]-[346].
Alaska, acquisition, [374].
government, [372]-[374].
Aliens, disabilities of, [389].
rights and duties of, [388].
See also Citizenship.
Ambassadors of American government, [327].
Amendments of national constitution, fourth, [366].
fifth, sixth, and eighth, [365], [366].
eleventh, [355].
twelfth, [280].
fourteenth, [383]-[384], [176].
fifteenth, [127], [176].
sixteenth, [224].
seventeenth, [184].
eighteenth, [241].
nineteenth, [129].
Amnesty, [320].
Animal Husbandry, Bureau of, [345].
Annapolis, Convention, [164].
naval academy at, [268].
Annexation, citizenship through, [385].
Anti-Federalists, [170], [171].
Appointment, president's power of, [301].
Apportionment, in state legislatures, [76], [77].
of federal representatives, [175].
Appraisal of customs duties, [221].
Appropriations, federal, [225].
preparation of bills, [225].
Army, distribution of, [263], n.
expenditures for, [264].
general staff, [262].
militia, [265]-[266].
power of Congress over, [262].
present strength, [263].
ranks of officers, [268].
salaries of officers, [264].
volunteers, [264].
war department, [333]-[336].
Arsenals, United States, location of, [335].
Articles of Confederation, [393].
adoption of, [159]-[160].
defects of, [161]-[164].
government under, [160]-[161].
Attainder, [367];
bill of attainder, [69], [59].
Attorney-General, of United States, [338].
Australian ballot, [135].
Bail, [119].
Ballot, Australian, [135].
evolution of, [134].
forms of, [135]-[137].
reform of, [137]-[139].
Bankruptcy, hearing of petitions, [270].
legislation by Congress, [269]-[270].
state legislation, [269].
Banks, federal reserve, [233].
national, [232], [332].
postal savings, [254].
Bill of Rights, in state constitutions, [68]-[69].
Bills, in state legislatures, [82]-[84].
in Congress, [204]-[205].
Bonds, United States, [226]-[227].
Bribery, [84]-[85], [140]-[142].
in senatorial elections, [183].
Bryan, William J., candidate for President, [291].
Cabinet, appointment of members, [325].
composition of, [324].
origin and nature of, [324].
responsibility of, [325].
Census, Bureau of, [347].
Centralized government, [5].
Charters, city, [31]-[33].
method of granting, [31]-[32].
Chemistry, Bureau of, [346].
Chicago, budget of, in 1909, [41].
police force, [44].
China, U.S. court in, [363].
Chinese, exclusion of, [239].
ineligibility to citizenship, [385].
Cities, charters, [31]-[33].
city manager plan of government, [53].
commission plan of government, [51]-[53].
finances, [41]-[44].
growth of, [26]-[29].
legislative interference in cities, [33]-[34].
officers of, [35]-[41].
position in state, [30].
state control of, [30]-[31].
Citizens, treatment of by states, [63]-[64].
Citizenship, acquisition of, [383], [385].
bureau of, [330].
definition of, [383].
disqualifications, [385].
double citizenship, [386]-[387].
duties and obligations, [390].
interstate rights of citizens, [387].
loss of, [386].
rights of citizens, [389].
City council, [35]-[38];
see Cities.
Civil cases, trial of in state courts, [115]-[118].
Civil service reform, in national government, [306].
effect of competitive system, [309].
examinations, [308].
exempt positions, [308].
extent of classified service, [307].
in diplomatic and consular service, [327]-[329].
law of 1883, [306].
law of 1907, [309], n.
Civil service reform, state, [105]-[106].
Claims, Court of, [363].
Cleveland, Grover, as President, [227], [275].
extension of civil service by, [307].
Coast and Geodetic Survey, [349].
Coast Guard, [333].
Commerce, anti-trust legislation, [244]-[245].
federal regulation, [168]-[169].
interstate, [240].
Interstate Commerce Commission, [242].
power to regulate, [236].
pure food legislation, [246].
regulation of foreign commerce by Congress, [236]-[240].
regulation of railway traffic, [242]-[244].
Commerce, Department of, [346]-[349].
Commerce, Foreign and Domestic, Bureau of, [349].
Commerce Court, [364].
Commission, Interstate Commerce, [242].
Commission plan of city government, [51]-[53].
Committees, in Congress, [201]-[204], [206].
conference, [212].
committee on rules, [208], [210].
committee of the whole, [207].
forms of action in, [205].
hearings, [205].
reference of bills to, [204].
Committees, in state legislatures, [81].
Committees, party, [148]-[150], [289]-[290].
Commutation, [321].
Comptroller of the Currency, [332].
Concurrent resolutions, [319].
Congress, action on bills, [204]-[213].
adjournment by President, [316].
committees, [201]-[212].
compensation of members, [188]-[189].
control over election of members, [187].
extra sessions, [315].
open sessions, [200].
organization, [197]-[199].
powers, [248]-[272].
implied powers, [270]-[272].
powers under Articles, [160], [162]-[164].
private bills, [204], n., [208].
public bills, [204], n.
quorum, [199].
representation in, [166]-[167].
rights and privileges of members, [189]-[190].
rules of procedure, [206]-[215].
seating of members, [200].
sessions of, [175].
suspension of rules, [208].
Constitution, federal compromises, [166]-[169].
construction of, [270]-[271].
making of, [165]-[169].
opposition to, [169]-[170].
prohibition on governments, [59].
ratification of, [169]-[172].
Constitution, state, amendment of, [70].
bill of rights, [68]-[69].
contents of, [67]-[68].
framing of, [64]-[65].
length, [67].
ratification, [65]-[66].
Constitutional Convention, 1787, compromises of, [166]-[169].
personnel, [165].
work of, [166].
Consular Service, Bureau of, [329].
consular courts, [329], n.
duties of consuls, [329].
recent reforms, [329].
Continental Congress, [159].
Convention, national political, committees in, [287].
nomination of candidates, [288].
organization of, [287].
platform, [288].
Conventions, state, [153]-[157].
Copyrights, [258]-[259].
Corporations, Bureau of, [349].
Corrupt practices, acts regulating, [140]-[142].
Council, city, [35]-[38].
mode of election, [36]-[37].
powers, [37].
See also Cities.
County, government of, [14]-[20].
officers, [16]-[20].
population and area, [14].
County-township system of local government, [21]-[23]
Courts, federal, [353]-[367].
Courts, state, [109]-[123].
function of, [109].
grades of state, [109]-[111].
municipal courts, [50]-[51].
qualifications of judges, [112]-[113].
trials, [115]-[123].
Criminal cases, trial of in state courts, [118]-[123].
Customs Appeals, U. S. Court of, [363].
Customs duties, collection of, [220].
Debt, national, [225].
growth of, [227].
Dependencies, [379]-[381].
Diplomatic service, Bureau of, [326]-[327].
Direct legislation, [85]-[89].
Direct primary, [157].
District of Columbia, courts in, [364].
government of, [380]-[381].
Division of powers, [58]-[59].
Education, Bureau of, [344]-[345].
Elections, ballots, [135]-[139].
fraudulent voting, [140]-[142].
manner of holding, [133], [139].
registration for, [131].
suffrage, [125]-[129].
time of holding, [132].
Electoral college, [276], [277].
method of voting in, [279]-[281].
Electoral Count Law, [283].
Embargo Act, [237].
Eminent domain, [69], [74].
Enabling Act, [65].
Engraving and Printing, Bureau of, [333].
Executive. See President and Governor.
Executive department, state, [91]-[106].
Expenditures, national, growth of, [225].
Ex post facto law, [69], [59].
Federalists, [170].
Federal land banks, [234].
Federal republic, [172].
Federal reserve banks, [233].
Federal trade commission, [245].
Fee system, in consular service, [330].
Fifteenth Amendment, [127], [176].
Filibustering, [207], [214].
Fire protection in cities, [47]-[48].
Fisheries, Bureau of, [348].
Foreign Relations. See State Department.
Forest Service, [346].
Fourteenth Amendment, [176], [383]-[384].
Franchises, of public utilities, [48]-[50].
power of city council to grant, [37]-[38].
Franking, privilege of, [189].
Fugitives from justice, surrender of by states, [63].
Galveston, municipal government in, [51]-[52].
Garfield, James A., assassination, [294], [306].
General Staff, of War Department, [334].
Geological Survey, the, [334].
Gerrymander, [77], [177].
Governor, election and qualification, [91].
powers, [96]-[99].
salary, [92].
term, [91].
Grand jury, [119].
Grant, U. S., candidate for third term, [276], n.
Greenbacks, [228], [231].
Guam, [379].
Habeas Corpus, [119].
power of governor to suspend, [101].
power of President to suspend, [312].
Hamilton, Alexander, [275], n.
construction of constitution, [271].
Hawaiian Islands, [372].
Hayes, R. B., disputed election of, [282].
Health protection in cities, [46]-[47].
Henry, Patrick, opposition to Constitution, [171].
Home rule charters for cities, [32].
House of Representatives, national, [174]-[178].
election of president, [283].
procedure, [207]-[213].
rules of, [207].
See also Congress.
House of Representatives, state, [76].
See also Legislature.
Illinois, minority representation in, [78].
Immigration, [238], n., [349].
Immigration and Naturalization, Bureaus of, [350].
Impeachment, federal, [192].
state, [100].
Income taxes, [223].
Indexes and Archives, Bureau of, [330].
Indian affairs, allotment act, [342].
Indian agents, [342].
policy of government toward Indians, [342].
schools for Indians, [342].
Indictment, by grand jury, [120].
Initiative and Referendum, [85]-[89].
Insular Affairs, Bureau of, [335]-[336].
Insular cases, [370].
Insurgents, in Republican party, [210].
Insurrection, power to suppress, [313].
Interior, Department of, [339]-[345].
International law, [390].
International Postal Union, [257].
Interstate commerce, [240].
Interstate Commerce Commission, [242].
Invasion, protection of states against, [313].
Jackson, Andrew, as President, [304].
Jefferson, Thomas, as President, [314].
as president of senate, [282], n.
construction of Constitution, [271].
election to presidency, [284].
vote for President, [280].
Johnson, Andrew, impeachment of, [293], [305].
removal of officers, [304].
Joint resolutions, [204], n., [319].
Judges, of federal courts, [356] ff.
of state courts, [112]-[115].
Judicial control over President, [321]-[322].
over subordinate executive officers, [322].
Judiciary, federal, [353]-[367].
in organized territories, [373].
state, [109]-[123].
Jurisdiction. See Courts.
Justice, Department of, [338]-[339].
Labor, Department of, [350].

Land offices, [341].
Legislation, direct, [85]-[89].
Legislature, in organized territories, [373].
Legislature, state, compensation of members, [79].
minority representation in, [77]-[78].
organization, [80]-[82].
passage of bill in, [82]-[84].
powers of, [73], [74].
sessions of, [78]-[79].
structure, [75]-[77].
Life-Saving Service, [333].
Lighthouses, Bureau of, [348].
Lincoln, Abraham, as President, [275].
popular vote for President, [279].
powers exercised as President, [300].
Lobbying, [84]-[85].
Local government, conflict of systems in West, [21]-[22].
importance of, [6]-[7].
kinds, [5].
merits, [6].
types of, [7].
Local option liquor laws, [87].
Manufactures, promotion of, [349].
Marshall, Chief Justice, decision in Marbury v. Madison, [361].
interpretation of Constitution, [271].
Massachusetts, constitution of, [66].
Mayor, the, [38]-[39].
McKinley, Wm., as President, [275], n., [294].
Merit system. See Civil Service Reform.
Military Academy, the, [336].
Military Secretary, the, [334].
Militia, the, [265]-[266].
Mines, Bureau of, [344].
Minority representation in state legislature, [77]-[78].
Mint, Director of, [332].
Mints, U.S., [228], n.
Mississippi, ratification of constitution of, [66].
Monetary system, [228]-[232].
Morrill Act, [340].
Municipal government, [25]-[50].
Naturalization, [350], [383]-[385].
Nautical Almanac, publication of, [337].
Naval Academy, U. S., [338].
Navigation, Bureaus of, [337], [347].
Navigation laws, [237].
Navy, the, [264]-[269].
Navy Department, [336]-[338].
Navy yards, location of, [337].
New England town, the, [8].
Newport, naval war college at, [268].
New York type of local government, [21]-[22].
New York city, budget of, [41].
collections from customs duties in, [222].
police force, [44].
Nonintercourse Act of 1809, [237].
Northern Securities case, [245].
Ordinance of 1787, [371].
Ordinances, power of the President to issue, [316].
Ordnance, Bureau of, [337].
Oregon, initiative and referendum in, [87], [88].
Original package doctrine, [241].
Pagopago, harbor of, [379].
Panama Canal, construction of, [271], [335].
Panama Canal Zone, [379]-[380].
Parcels post, [255].
Pardons, amnesty, [320].
commutation, [321].
extent of President's power over, [320].
parole, [321].
power of governor to grant, [102], [103].
Parole, [321].
Parties. See Political Parties.
Passports, [326].
Patent Office, [344].
Patents, [259]-[261].
number granted, [261].
Pennsylvania type of local government, [22].
Pension Bureau, [343]-[344].
Philippine Islands, [374]-[378].
Plant Industry, Bureau of, [345].
Platform of political parties, [155], [288].
Police power, [241].
Police protection in cities, [44]-[46].
Political parties, conventions, [153]-[157], [287]-[288].
local, [145].
national, [145]-[148].
nature and functions, [144].
nomination of candidates, [153]-[157].
organization, [148]-[150].
platform, [155], [288].
primaries of, [150]-[152].
Porto Rico, [374]-[376].
Ports of delivery, [220], n.
Postmaster-General, the, [339].
Post Office, the, classes, [257].
classification of mail matter, [247].
development of postal service, [248].
"fraud orders," [249].
free delivery, [252].
international postal union, [257].
mail matter, [249].
money order service, [254].
parcels post, [255].
postal deficit, [249].
postal savings banks, [254].
postal subsidies, [256].
rates of postage, [249].
registry service, [253].
second-class matter, [251].
Post Office Department, [339].
Powers, division of between state and national government, [58].
of municipal corporations, [32].
President, campaigns for election of, [291].
choice of President by electors, [279]-[281].
choosing of electors, [277]-[279].
compensation, [299].
contributions by corporations forbidden, [292].
counting of electoral vote, [281]-[283].
creation of office, [274].
election by House, [283]-[285].
electoral and popular vote, [279].
failure of electoral plan, [277].
immunity from judicial control, [321].
impeachment of, [322].
inauguration, [298].
mode of election, [276].
powers and duties, [300]-[320].
publicity of campaign contributions, [292]-[293].
qualifications, [275].
raising funds for campaign, [291].
succession to presidency, [293]-[295].
term of office, [275].
Previous question, the, [211].
Primaries, [150]-[153];
direct primary, [156].
Privateer, [262].
Probation, [123].
Public defender, [121].
Public Health Service, in Department of the Treasury, [332].
Public lands, disposal of, [340].
Homestead Act, [341].
land offices, [341].
Morrill Act, [340].
Preëmption Act, [340].
present extent of, [341].
Public Opinion Law, in Illinois, [87].
Public utilities, in municipalities, [48].
government ownership of, [50].
Pure food, legislation concerning, [240], [246].
Quarantine, laws by Congress, [239].
Quartermaster Corps, [334].
Recall, [101].
Reciprocity treaties, [220].
Reed, Thomas B., rule on quorum, [200].
Referendum, [85]-[89].
Registration for elections, [131].
Removal, President's power of, [303]-[309].
Representatives, House of. See House, Congress, Legislature.
Resolutions, [204], n.
Revenue, sources of federal, [218].
Revenue Cutter Service, [333].
Roosevelt, Theodore, as President, [224], [275], n.
extension of civil service by, [307].
Samoan Islands, [379].
Secret Service, the, [333].
Senate, national, as executive council to President, [274].
classification of senators, [181].
debate in, [214].
mode of election, [181]-[184].
power to amend revenue measures, [219], n.
president of, [213].
procedure in, [213]-[215].
right of legislature to instruct, [185].
special functions of, [190]-[194].
See Congress.
Senate, state, [75].
See Legislature.
Sherman Anti-Trust Law, [245].
Sherman treasury notes, [231].
Shipping board, [257].
Slavery compromise in Constitution, [167]-[168].
South Carolina, ratifies constitution, [66].
Speaker, English, [209].
of House of Representatives, powers, [203], [209].
Special legislation, constitutional protection against, [34].
Specific duties, [218].
Spoils system, [106], [304].
elimination of in diplomatic service, [327].
Standards, Bureau of, [349].
State, obligations and duties, [62]-[64].
place of in federal system, [57].
powers of, [59], [60].
prohibitions on in federal Constitution, [59].
rights and privileges, [60]-[62].
State boards and commissions, [104]-[105].
State, Department of, organization and functions, [325]-[330].
Steamboat Inspection Service, [348].
"Strike" bills, [85].
Succession Law of 1792, [294].
of 1886, [295].
Suffrage, nature of elective franchise, [125].
qualifications for voting, [125]-[129].
woman suffrage, [128].
Supervising Architect, [333].
Surgeon General, [334].
Taft, Wm. H., governor of Philippines, [377].
Tariff, maximum and minimum principle, [219].
preparation of bill, [219].
protective, [218].
Taxation, federal, collection of taxes, [222].
collection of customs duties, [220].
corporation tax, [224].
customs duties, [218].
forms of federal taxes, [217].
income taxes, [223].
inheritance taxes, [224].
internal revenue taxes, [221].
national power of, [217].
protective tariff, [218].
reciprocity treaties, [220].
tariff bills, [219].
Taxation, Municipal, [42].
Territories, courts in, [364].
extension of Constitution to, [369].
government of organized, [372]-[374].
Northwest Territory, [371].
origin of territorial system, [370].
partly organized, [374]-[378].
powers of Congress over, [369].
representation of in Congress, [175], n.
unorganized, [379]-[381].
Territory, government of occupied, [312].
Tobacco, tax on, [222].
Tonnage laws, [237].
Town meeting, the, [9]-[10].
conditions unfavorable to, [10]-[11].
Town system of local government, [7], [13].
officers of, [11]-[14].
powers of, [8]-[9].
Treason, punishment of, [366]-[367].
Treasury, Department of, [331]-[332].
Treaties, negotiation of, [310], [328].
senate's share in making, [310].
Treaty, reciprocity, [220].
Trials, in courts, [115]-[123].
Tutuila, [379].
United States funds, deposit of, [224].
Veto, exercise of power by President, [212], [213], [317].
importance of, [319].
power of governor, [97]-[99].
use of in practice, [318].
Vice President, election by senate, [285].
electoral vote for, [280].
nomination of, [289].
presiding officer of, [197].
Village government, [53].
Voting machines, [139].
War, Department of, organization and functions, [333]-[336].
Warrants, issued by secretary of state, [326].
Washington, George, as President, [275], [314], [356].
Weather Bureau, the, [345].
West Point Military Academy, [336].
Wilson, James, [275], n.
Yards and Docks, Bureau of, [337].

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Fairlie, "Local Government," p. 147.

[2] Hart, "Actual Government," p. 172.

[3] The corresponding division in Louisiana is called a parish.