| Page | ||
I. On Leprosy and Leper Hospitals in Scotland andEngland | [1] | |
Communication read before the Medico-ChirurgicalSociety of Edinburgh, 3d March 1841, and printedin the Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal(vol. lvi. p. 301; vol. lvii. p. 121). [Additional Notes by Joseph Robertson, LL.D.] | ||
II. Notes on some Ancient Greek Medical Vases forcontaining Lykion; and on the modern use of thesame Drug in India | [185] | |
Read to the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 26thFebruary 1852. Proc. vol. i. p. 47. Reprinted separately in 1856, and “Inscribed to Dr.Sichel of Paris” Edinburgh: Sutherland and Knox. | ||
III. Was the Roman Army provided with MedicalOfficers? | [197] | |
Printed as a Pamphlet, at Edinburgh, 1856 (Sutherlandand Knox), and “Inscribed to James Pillans, Esq.,F.R.S.E., Professor of Humanity in the Universityof Edinburgh, etc. etc., as a Small Tribute of sincereEsteem from an Old and Attached Pupil.” With One Plate. | ||
IV. Notices of Ancient Roman Medicine-Stamps, etc.,found in Great Britain | [229] | |
Communicated to the Monthly Journal of MedicalScience, January, March, and April 1851. With Four Plates. | ||
V. Antiquarian Notices of Syphilis in Scotland | [301] | |
Communicated to the Epidemiological Society of London,1862. Trans. vol. i. part ii. Reprinted privately at Edinburgh (Edmonston andDouglas), “Inscribed to the most learned Physicianof Modern Times, James Copland, Esq., M.D.,Author of the Dictionary of Practical Medicine.” | ||
ON LEPROSY AND LEPER HOSPITALS
IN SCOTLAND AND ENGLAND.[1]
PART I.
Few subjects in pathology are more curious, and at the same time more obscure, than the changes which, in the course of ages, have taken place in the diseases incident either to the human race at large, or to particular divisions and communities of it.
A great proportion of the maladies to which mankind are liable have, it is true, remained entirely unaltered in their character and consequences from the earliest periods of medical history down to the present day. Synocha, Gout, and Epilepsy, for instance, show the same symptoms and course now, as the writings of Hippocrates describe them to have presented to him upwards of two thousand years ago. The generatio de novo of a really new species of disease “is (says Dr. Mason Good[2]) perhaps as much a phenomenon as a really new species of plant or of animal” Dr. Good’s remark is probably too sweeping in its principle; for, if necessary, it might be easy to show that, if the particular diseases of particular animal species are liable to alteration at all, they must necessarily alter more frequently than those animal species themselves. In pursuing such an inquiry, the pathologist labours under comparative disadvantages. The physiologist can, by the aid of geological research, prove that the individual species of plants and animals inhabiting this and other regions of the earth, have again and again been changed. The pathologist has no such demonstrative data to show that, in the course of time, the forms and species of morbid action have undergone great mutations, like the forms and species of normal life. But still we have strong grounds for believing that, in regard to our own individual species alone, the diseases to which mankind are subject have already undergone, in some respects, marked changes within the historic era of medicine. Since the first medical observations that are now extant on disease were made and recorded in Greece, various new species of human maladies have, there can be little doubt, made their original appearance. I need only allude to small-pox, measles, and hooping-cough. Again, some diseases which prevailed formerly, seem to have now entirely disappeared from among the human race—as, for example, the Lycanthropia of the Sacred Writings, and of Oribasius, Aetius, Marcellus, and various old medical authors.[3] Other maladies, as that most anomalous affection, the English sweating-sickness of the fifteenth century, have only once, and that for a very short period, been permitted to commit their ravages upon mankind. And lastly, we have still another and more extensive class, including maladies that have changed their geographical stations to such an extent, as to have made inroads upon whole districts and regions of the world, where they were formerly unknown, leaving now untouched the localities which, in older times, suffered most severely from their visitations.
Among this last tribe of diseases no one presents a more curious subject of inquiry than the European leprosy, or tubercular elephantiasis of the middle ages. This malady is now almost entirely, if not entirely, unknown as a native endemic disease on any part of the Continent of Europe; and yet from the tenth to the sixteenth century it prevailed in nearly every district of it. Laws were enacted by Princes and Courts to arrest its diffusion;—the Pope issued bulls with regard to the ecclesiastical separation and rights of the infected;[4]—a particular order of Knighthood was instituted to watch over the sick;—and leper hospitals or lazar-houses were everywhere instituted to receive the victims of the disease. The number of these houses has certainly been often erroneously stated, in consequence, as far as I have been able to trace it, of a strange mistake committed by Ducange, in quoting from Matthew Paris a passage in which that historian contrasts the respective possessions belonging in the thirteenth century to the Hospitalarii, Knights Hospitallers, or Knights of St. John, as they were termed, and the Knights Templars. The 19,000 lazar-houses in Christendom, as interpreted by Ducange, mark in Matthew Paris’ work merely the number of manors or commanderies of the Hospitalarii, and have no reference whatever to leprosy or lazar-houses.[5] But still that an immense number of leper-houses existed on the Continent at the period mentioned, is abundantly shown in many of the historical documents of that age. Louis VIII. promulgated a code of laws in 1226, for the regulation of the French leper hospitals; and these hospitals were at that date computed to amount, in the then limited kingdom of France, to not less than 2000 in number—(deux mille leproseries).[6] They afterwards, as is alleged by Velley,[7] even increased in number, so much so that there was scarcely a town or burgh in the country that was not provided with a leper hospital. In his history of the reign of Philip II. Mezeray uses the same language in regard to the prevalence of leprosy and leprous patients in France during the twelfth century.[8] Muratori gives a nearly similar account of the extent of the disease during the middle ages in Italy;[9] and the inhabitants of the kingdoms of Northern Europe, equally became its unfortunate victims.[10]
I have no desire, however, to enter at present into the extensive history of the leprosy of the middle ages, as seen in the different quarters of Europe. My object is a much more limited and a much more humble one. I wish only to adduce various evidence to show that the disease extended to this the most western verge of Europe, and at one time prevailed to a considerable extent in our own kingdom of Scotland, which, at the period alluded to, was one of the most remote and thinly-populated principalities in Christendom. I shall have frequent occasion, at the same time, to illustrate my remarks by references to the disease as it existed contemporaneously in England.[11]
In following out the object adverted to, I shall commence by an enumeration of such leper hospitals as I have detected any notices of in old Scottish records. The knowledge of the mere existence of most of these hospitals has been obtained more by the accidental preservation of charters of casual grants to them than by any historical or traditional notice of the institutions themselves. The information, therefore, which I have to offer in regard to most of them is exceedingly slight. The following meagre notes regarding the two first Lazar or Leper-houses, Spitals, Spetels, or Spitles,[12] which I shall mention, show the truth of this remark.