Who (kdo) calls? The gentleman calls.—Pán volá. The gentleman is the subject of the sentence and is in the nominative case. Whom (koho) does the gentleman call? The gentleman calls the boy.—Pán volá hocha. The boy is the object of the verb calls and is in the objective case.
Since Bohemian is a highly inflected language, it is of extreme importance to become acquainted early with the case forms and their meanings.
Exercise I.
Translate into English:
Mám bratra. Máme bratry. Znám ptáka. Voláme sedláky. Bratr volá hocha. Sedlák má syna. Pán volá bratra. Sedlák nezná pána. Hoch nemá ptáka. Bratr nevolá hocha. Neznám pána. Nevolám sedláka. (The article and auxiliary do, does, are not translated).
Exercise II.
Translate into Bohemian:
The farmer knows the gentleman. We have a brother. The gentleman has a bird. The farmer doesn’t know the boy. We know the farmer. The gentleman doesn’t call the boys. The farmer has sons. The brother knows the boys. I know the boy. I don’t know the gentleman.