IV. The Events of Bible History, given in the fourth column, are too numerous to be recapitulated. The student should divide them according to the Subdivisions of the Periods, already given.
V. The History of Egypt occupies the fifth column. The opinions of scholars are greatly at variance with regard to the dates of the first eighteen dynasties, some of them differing by a thousand years. The ancient history of Egypt is divided into three sections. (1.) The Old Kingdom, founded by Menes perhaps 4700 B.C., and governed by ten dynasties in succession. (2.) The Middle Kingdom, from about 2900 B.C. to 1570 B.C., Dynasties XI. to XVII. (3.) The New Kingdom, from 1570 B.C. to 525 B.C., Dynasties XVII. to XXVII. Egypt was part of the Persian Empire from 525 to 332 B.C. After 323 B.C. it was governed by a line of Greek kings, who bore the name of Ptolemy, until 30 B.C., when it became a Roman province.
VI. The Kingdoms of the East, Babylonia and Assyria, appear on the sixth column; beginning with a number of states in Babylonia; becoming an empire under Hammurabi about 2280 B.C.; by turns strong and weak until about 1100 B.C., when the Assyrian empire arose, overpowering Babylon. The Assyrian Empire lasted until 625 B.C., when Babylon again arose to power, though the Chaldean Empire did not begin until 606 B.C. In 536 B.C. it fell before the Persian conquerors, and the whole world of the Bible was under Persian control until 330 B.C., when Alexander the Great won it. No world-empire arose after the death of Alexander, until the Roman period.
Transcriber's Note: As the color version of the Chart is mostly unreadable, black and white copies have been included below. If a line of text or paragraph is cut off, then it will appear on the following page in its entirety.
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| B.C. | I. GENERAL PERIODS | II. SUB-DIVISION OF GENERAL PERIODS. | III. PERSONS AND RULERS IN BIBLE HISTORY. | IV. THE HISTORY OF ISRAEL. | V. EGYPT. | VI. KINGDOMS OF THE EAST. | VII. THE ORIENTAL EMPIRES. | VIII. THE WORLD IN GENERAL. | B.C. | ||||
| 2500 | I. PERIOD OF THE EARLY RACES, FROM THE DELUGE. | I. THE UNITED RACES TO THE DISPERSION. | [All the dates in this column are uncertain above 1000 B.C., and are given tentatively. The dates are not sufficient for a complete and sure chronology]. | 4700(?)—Egypt founded by Menes. Old Kingdom (Dynasties I.-X.). Memphis earliest capital. 3500(?)—Pyramids built (Dynasty IV.). 2900(?)—Middle kingdom begins (Dynasties XI.-XVII.) | 4500 B.C.—Kingdoms existing in Babylonia. 3900(?)—Rise of Ur to power. 3000—Nineveh in existence. | Dates earlier than 700 B.C. traditional and uncertain. 2850--China founded by Fu-hi. | 2500 | ||||||
| 2400 | I. PERIOD OF THE EARLY | I. THE DISPERSED RACES TO | 2454(?)—First dynasty of kings begins to reign at Babylon with Su-mu-abi. | 2400 | |||||||||
| 2300 | RACES to the Call of Abraham c. 2280 | THE CALL OF ABRAHAM. | c. 2355 Abraham. | During the middle kingdom, 2900-1570 B.C. Thebes was capital until about 2000 B.C. The dates are very uncertain, but between 2500 and 2000 B.C. the kingdom declined. 12th Dynasty 2500-2300. | 2357—Lao reigning in China. | 2300 | |||||||
| 2280 B. C. | c. 2280 | c. 2280(?)—Call and migration of Abraham. | 2280(?)—Hammurabi | ||||||||||
| 2200 | JOURNEYS | c. 2256 Isaac. | c. 2270(?)—Abraham's Victory over the Five Kings. [Gen. 14] c. 2232(?)—The Offering of Isaac on Mount Moriah. | (Amraphel(?)) 2280 B.C. (Gen. 14), sixth king of the first dynasty reigning at Babylon. He conquered many states, established a code of laws, and may be regarded as founder of the early Babylonian Empire. | 2205—Chinese history begins. | 2200 | |||||||
| 2100 | II. | OF THE PATRIARCHS | c. 2195 Jacob. c. 2180 c. 2103 Joseph. | c. 2180(?) Death of Abraham. c. 2120(?)—Jacob's Vision and Journey to Padan-aram. c. 2103(?)—Jacob's Return to Canaan. | 2150(?)—Second dynasty of kings at Babylon begins with An-ma-an. (According to records, not certain, it lasted until 1783 B.C.) | 2100 | |||||||
| PERIOD | c. 2060 B. C. | c. 2075. | c. 2084(?)—Joseph Sold into Egypt. c. 2073(?)—Joseph Ruler in Egypt. c. 2060 B.C. c. 2060(?)—Jacob and his Family go down to Egypt; Beginning of the Sojourn of the Israelites. | About 2000 B.C. Lower Egypt fell under the power of invaders from the desert, who were called Hyksos, or Shepherd Kings. Their capital was Tanis, or Zoan. Very little is known of their history, and their names cannot be given | |||||||||
| 2000 | c. 2045. | c. 2045(?)—Death of Jacob in Egypt. | with certainty, as their memory was hated by the rulers that followed them, and their inscriptions may have been obliterated. They ruled Egypt until about 1570 B.C.(?), though the dates both of their conquest and their departure are uncertain. | 2000—Ishkibal, fourth king of second dynasty, reigning at Babylon. | EARLY | 2000—Aryan migration to India(?). | 2000 | ||||||
| 1500 | OF THE | THE | c. 1993. | 1993(?)—Death of Joseph in Egypt The Israelites remain in the Land of Goshen, between Egypt and the Wilderness, from about 2062 to 1250 B.C. [dates very very uncertain]. During most of this period the Hyksos or Shepherd-Kings, friendly to the Israelites, were ruling in Egypt. 1500—The Israelites still in Egypt. | About 1570 the war of liberation from the Hyksos began under Dynasty XVIII., and the New Kingdom opened. 1570-1320(?)—Dynasty XVIII. reigning (Amosis, Amenophis, Queen Hatasu, Thutmosis (Thotmes) III., Amenophis II., Amenophis III., Amenophis IV.). A period of conquest. Egyptian invasion of Syria about 1490(?) (Thutmosis III.). Battle of Esdraelon in Canaan. Tell-el-Amarna letters written in reigns of Amenophis III. and IV. | 1800—An Assyrian Kingdom in existence, but subject to Babylon. Asshur, or its capital. 1782—Third dynasty of kings of Babylon, beginning with Gandish, reigning 1782-1767. This dynasty, known as Kassites, came from Elam, conquered Babylonia, and held rule until 1207. Not much is known of Babylonian history during this period; but the kingdom was declining. 1500-1207—Kassite dynasty still reigning at Babylon. | 1920—Gold and silver first mentioned as money. 1556—Athens founded. (traditional.) 1546—Traditional founding of Troy. 1507—Court of Areopagus founded at Athens. 1500—Thebes founded. Greek alphabet introduced by Cadmus. c. 1500—Hittite migration to southern Asia Minor. | 1500 | |||||
| 1400 | CHOSEN | SOJOURN IN | 1430—Assur-nadin-akhi. King of Assyria. (From this reign, regular lists of Assyrian kings; and their kingdom grows in power.) | BABY-LONIAN | 1400—Rise of Hittite Kingdom in Asia Minor. | 1400 | |||||||
| 1300 | FAMILY | EGYPT. | c. 1330 Moses. | About 1330(?) begins the Oppression of the Israelites under Dynasty XIX. in Egypt. About the same time 1330 (?) Moses was born. All the dates of this period are uncertain. | 1359(?)—Dynasty XIX. begins. Seti I. powerful ruler and conqueror. Rameses II., "Pharaoh of the Oppression" (?). Merenepthah, "Pharaoh of the Exodus" (?). Decline of Egyptian power. Rameses III., date unknown. | 1300(?)—Shalmaneser I., King of Assyria, begins conquests. Calah becomes capital. | 1300 | ||||||
| 1250 B. C. | 1250 | c. 1260 Joshua. | 1250(?)—The Exodus of the Israelites from Egypt. End of the | 1290(?)—Tukulti-ninib, King of Assyria, conquers Babylon; but it soon regains its independence. Babylonian Kingdom declining in power. | EMPIRE. | ||||||||
| III. | WANDERING 1210 | c. 1210 | Sojourn; Beginning of the History of Israel as a People. Death of Moses. | 1207-1075—Dynasty of Isin in Babylon; | 1235—Theseus, King of Athens. 1233—Carthage founded. | ||||||||
| 1200 | PERIOD | CONQUEST | 1210(?)—The Israelites enter the Land of Canaan, and begin the Conquest of Canaan. Battle of Beth-horon, 1210(?). | wars between Assyria and Babylonia; continued decline of Babylonia and rise of Assyria. | 1200 | ||||||||
| 1180 | c. 1180 | 1180(?)—Death of Joshua. | 1193—Trojan war begins. | ||||||||||
OF ISRAELITE | RULE OF THE | c. p1170. Othniel, Judge. c. 1130. Gideon, Judge. | 1170(?)—Age of the Judges in Israel begins. 1130—Gideon ruling in Israel. | 1120-1090—Tiglath-pileser I., the first great king of Assyria, | 1120 B. C. | 1122—Chow dynasty reigning in China. | |||||||
| 1100 | PEOPLE | JUDGES | c. 1100. Jephthah, Judge. | conqueror over many lands. THE ASSYRIAN EMPIRE begins. | 1100 | ||||||||
| 1050 B. C. | 1050 | c. 1080—Samuel, Judge. c. 1050. Saul, King. | 1080—Samuel, the last of the Judges. 1050—Coronation of Saul, King of Israel. | 1089(?)—Dynasty XXI. begins; a line of kings of foreign race who obtained control in Egypt. | 1070—Codrus; last king of Athens. | ||||||||
| 1000 | IV. | UNITY | c. 1010 David | 1010—David King over Judah. 1003—David King over Israel. | 1015—Minos gives laws in Crete. | 1000 | |||||||
| | 935 | 970. Solomon, King.
| 990—David conquers Syria, Moab, and Edom. 970—Solomon, King of Israel, Syria, Moab, and Edom. 935—Division of the Kingdom. Jeroboam, King of Ten Tribes (Israel). Rehoboam, King of Judah. | ASSYRIAN | |||||||||
| 900 | PERIOD | 925—Shishak, King of Egypt, invades Judah, and takes many cities. 900(?)—Zerah, the Ethiopian (Osorkon II.), invades Egypt. | 900 | ||||||||||
| 800 | OF | DIVISION |
| 875—Worship of Baal Introduced into Israel by Jezebel. 870—Elijah the Prophet. 842—Jehu King of Judah. Athaliah usurper in Judah. 836—Revolution in Judah under Jehoiada, the Priest. | 885-860—Assur-nazir-pal, King of Assyria. 854—Victory of Shalmaneser over Syrians and Israelites (under King Ahab) at Karkar. 842—Jehu, King of Israel, pays tribute to Shalmaneser. | 886—Homeric Poems brought into Greece. 850—Lycurgus, lawgiver of Sparta. | 800 | ||||||
| ISRAELITE | 721 |
| 799—Joash, King of Israel. 783—Jeroboam II., King of Israel. Israelite power; Prophet Amos. 769—Uzziah, King of Israel; Age of Prosperity. 748—Prophet Hosea in Israel. 738—Prophet Isaiah begins his Ministry. Jotham, King of Judah. 730. Hoshea. (Isr.) | 725—Hoshea, King of Israel, in Alliance with So (or Sabakon), King of Egypt. | 45-727—Tiglath-pileser III., King of Assyria; great conqueror; receives tribute from Menahem, King of Israel. 732—Damascus taken. 827-722—Shalmaneser IV., King. 725—Siege of Samaria begun. | EMPIRE. | 886—Homeric Poems brought into Greece. 753—Traditional founding of Rome by Romulus. 750—Syracuse in Sicily founded by Corinthians. | ||||||
| 700 | 719. Hezekiah. (Jud.) | 721—Fall of Samaria. Israel carried captive by Sargon II. of Assyria. 701—Sennacherib's invasion of Judah. | 701—Defeat of Tirkahah by Sennacherib, King of Assyria. | 704-687—Sennacherib, King. Nineveh made capital. | 708—Median Kingdom begins under Deioces. | 700 | |||||||
| KINGDOM | DECAY | 690. Manasseh. (Jud.) 639. Josiah. (Jud.) | 647—Manasseh a captive at Babylon; but released later. 628—Prophet Jeremiah begins Ministry. | 674—Invasion of Egypt by Esar-haddon, King of Assyria. 665—Destruction of Thebes by the Assyrians. | 680-668—Esar-haddon, King. 674—Egypt invaded by Assyrians. Empire of Assyria at its culmination. 668-626—Assur-bani-pal, King. Decline of Assyrian Empire begins. | 626 B. C. | 660—Japanese History begins with Jimmu Tenno whose descendants have reigned since without intermission. | ||||||
| 600 | 608. Jehoiakim. (Jud.) | 621—Josiah begins great reforms. Finding of the Book of the Law. 608—Death of Josiah in battle at Megiddo. Necho of Egypt invades Judah. Jehoiakim, King of Judah. 606—First visit of Nebuchadnezzar to Judah; first group of Captives to Babylon. | 606—Necho, King of Egypt, defeated at Carchemish by Nebuchadnezzar. | 625-604—Nabopolassar, King of Babylon, founder of Chaldean Empire. 609—FALL OF ASSYRIAN EMPIRE. Nineveh destroyed by the Medes. 608—Victory of Nebuchadnezzar, son of Nabopolassar, over Necho, King of Egypt, at Carchemish. CHALDEAN EMPIRE begins (606-536). 604-562—Nebuchadnezzar, King of Babylon. | CHALDEAN EMPIRE | 658—Byzantium founded by Byzas. 640—Media independent of Assyria. 621—Laws of Draco in Athens. | 600 | ||||||
| 587 B. C. | 587 | 597. Zedekiah. | 598—Chaldeans invade Judah a second time. 592—Prophet Ezekiel in Chaldea. | 586—Jerusalem taken and destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar. 585-573—Siege of Tyre by Nebuchadnezzar. | 593—Laws of Solon in Athens. 578—Money coined in Rome. | ||||||||
| PERIOD OF | CHALDEAN RULE 536 | 936. Zerubbabel, Prince. | 586—Fall of Jerusalem; end of Kingdom of Judah; Jews taken to Babylon 536—Decree of Cyrus, King of Persia, | 567—Egypt invaded by Nebuchadnezzar, but not held. | 562—Rapid decline of Chaldean power after death of Nebuchadnezzar. 558-536—Nabonidus, last king of Babylon. He associates his son Belshazzar in the government. | 536 B. C. | 560—Pisistratus usurps rule at Athens. 557—Buddha born in India. 550—Confucius born. Laocius and Mencius, | ||||||
| 500 | THE JEWISH PROVINCE | permitting return of Exiled Jews. 535—Rebuilding of Temple begun. 522—Discontinued. 520—Prophets Haggai and Zechariah. 515—Second Temple completed. | 525—Egypt conquered by Persians under Cambyses and annexed to the Persian empire. From that time until 332 Egypt was under Persian rule. | 553—Cyrus, the Persian, conquers the Medes. Beginning of Persian power. 536—Babylon taken by Cyrus. End of Chaldean Empire. 530-330—THE PERSIAN EMPIRE. 529-521—Cambyses, King of Persia. Egypt conquered. 521-486—Darius, King of Persia. | the other Chinese sages, lived in same century. 546—Cyrus overthrows empire of Crœsus. 510—Romans abolish royalty; Government by Consuls begins. 510—Africa first circumnavigated. 500—Pythagoras teaching in Greece. | 500 | |||||||
| 400 | PERIOD (END OF OLD TESTAMENT) | PERSIAN | 458. Ezra. 444. Nehemiah. | 478—Esther's deliverance. 458—Ezra's visit to Jerusalem. 444—Nehemiah rebuilds the Wall of Jerusalem. 440—Separation of Samaritans from Jews. 400(?)—Malachi, last of Old Testament Prophets. | 491—Darius, King of Persia, invades Greece. 490—Battle of Marathon. Greeks victorious over Persians. 486-466—Xerxes (Ahasuerus in book of Esther), King of Persia. 481—Expedition of Xerxes into Greece. 466-425—Artaxerxes Longimanus, King of Persia. Empire declining in power. 425—Xerxes II., King of Persia. | PERSIAN EMPIRE. | 490—Battle of Lake Regillus in Italy. 490—Battle of Marathon in Greece. 418—Battle of Mantinea in Greece. 400—Retreat of the Ten Thousand in Persia. | 400 | |||||
| OF | 330 B. C. | 350. Jaddua, High Priest. 330. Onias, High Priest. | 350—Jaddua, High Priest. 332—Visit of Alexander the Great to Judea. 330—Onias, High Priest. | 332—Alexander the Great receives the submission of Egypt. | 361—Artaxerxes (or Darius) Ochus, King of Persia. 336—Darius Codomannus, last king of Persia. 330—Persian Empire conquered by Alexander the Great (Battle of Arbela.) | 330 B. C. | 399—Death of Socrates. | ||||||
| 300 | 300. Simon the Just, High Priest. | 305—Jerusalem taken by Ptolemy Lagus, of Egypt. Judea subject to Egypt. 300. Simon the Just, High Priest. | 328—Ptolemy Soter establishes the Greek kingdom of Egypt. | 323—Alexander the Great dies at Babylon. 301—Alexander's empire divided among his four generals Ptolemy, Seleucus, Cassander, Lysimachus. |
| 300 | |||||||
| 200 | JEWISH | GREEK RULE |
| 275(?)—Translation of the Old Testament into Greek begun (Septuagint.) | 286—The Alexandrian library and Museum began by King Ptolemy II., Philadelphus. 247-225—Reign of Ptolemy Euergetes, ablest and most powerful of the Ptolemies. 205-182—Reign of Ptolemy V. Epiphanes. |
| KINGDOMS OF ALEXANDER'S | 264—First Punic war begun by Rome. 216—Battle of Cannae; overthrow of Hannibal. 211—Wall of China completed. | 200 | ||||
| 168 B. C. |
| 197—Palestine annexed to kingdom of Syria under Antiochus III. 168—Persecution of the Jews by Antiochus IV. (Epiphanes). 168—Revolt of Mattathias against Syrian rule. |
| 187—Seleucus IV., Philopator, King of Syria. 175—Antiochus IV., Epiphanes, King of Syria. |
| ||||||||
| 100 | PROVINCE | JEWISH INDEPENDENCE | 166. Judas Maccabeus | 166—Judas Maccabeus, Liberator and Ruler of Judea. 107—Aristobulus assumes title of King of Judea. 105—Rise of Sects, Pharisees and Sadducees. | 165—The Roman senate intervenes in Egypt. | 162—Demetrius I., Soter, King of Syria. | SUCCESSORS. | 123—The Gracchi in Rome. | 100 | ||||
63. Antipater. | 63—Jerusalem taken by Pompey; Romans intervene in Judea. 63—Antipater, Ruler, under Roman authority. |
| 69—Syria and Armenia conquered by Romans. | 60 B. C. |
| ||||||||
| 43 B. C. | 43. Herod, the Great. | 43—Herod the Great made King by Roman Senate. | 52-30—Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt. |
| 41—Assassination of Julius Caesar. | ||||||||
| A. D. | 458. Ezra. 444. Nehemiah. | 4 B.C.—Jesus born at Bethlehem. 4 B.C.—Death of Herod. | 30—Egypt becomes a Roman province. | 27—Syria made an imperial province of Roman empire. | ROMAN | 27—Augustus, Emperor of Roman World. | A. D. | ||||||
| 1 | ROMAN | 26. Pontius Pilate, Procurator. 41. Herod Agrippa I. King of Judea. 52. Felix, Procurator. 60. Festus, Procurator. | 26—Ministry of John the Baptist. 30—Crucifixion, Resurrection, and Ascension of Christ. 37—Conversion of St. Paul. 50—Council of Christian Church at Jerusalem. 68—Revolt of Jews against Roman Empire. 68—Martyrdom of St. Paul. 70—Destruction of Jerusalem by Titus. | EMPIRE. | 14—Tiberius, Emperor. 41—Claudius, Emperor. 54—Nero, Emperor. 79—Titus, Emperor. | A. D. | |||||||
| 100 | RULE | 100 A. D. | 100 |
VII. The Oriental Empires are indicated upon the seventh column of the chart. While they follow in regular succession, there were brief periods of anarchy and confusion between them, which cannot be indicated. (1.) The Early Babylonian Empire, 2280-1120 B.C. Much of the time this was not an empire, but rather the leading state in the oriental world. (2.) The Assyrian Empire, 1120-626 B.C.; its capital at Nineveh on the Tigris River, its people fierce warriors, but not able rulers. (3.) The Chaldean Empire, 606-536 B.C., established by Nebuchadnezzar, and passing away soon after his death. (4.) The Persian Empire, 536-330, founded by Cyrus, and ruling over all the Old Testament lands. (5.) The Kingdoms (not empire) of Alexander's Successors, 330-60 B.C. The empire of Alexander the Great lasted only seven years (330-323), and was followed by war until 301, when the four generals of Alexander made a division of his conquests. (6.) The Roman Empire became dominant in the east about 60 B.C., and continued supreme until after the New Testament period.