[16] Counting from the point of the cliff shown in [plate xcia]. The positions of the rooms are indicated by the row of entrances.
[17] It was from this region that the individual chambers, described by Mindeleff, were chosen.
[18] Mr Mindeleff, in his valuable memoir, has so completely described the cavate dwellings of the Rio Grande and San Juan regions that their discussion in this account would be superfluous.
[19] See Mindeleff, Cliff Ruins of Canyon de Chelly, American Anthropologist, April, 1895. The suggestion that cliff outlooks were farming shelters in some instances is doubtless true, but I should hesitate giving this use a predominance over outlooks for security. In times of danger, naturally the agriculturist seeks a high or commanding position for a wide outlook; but to watch his crops he must camp among them.
[20] Ancient Dwellings of the Rio Verde Valley, Dr E. A. Mearns; Popular Science Monthly, vol. xxvii. Mindeleff, Aboriginal Remains in Verde Valley; Thirteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology.
[21] Since the above lines were written Mr C. F. Lummis, who has made many well-known contributions to the ethnology and archeology of the Pueblo area, has published in Land of Sunshine (Los Angeles, 1895), a beautiful photographic illustration and an important description of this unique place.
[22] Miscellaneous Ethnographic Observations on Indians inhabiting Nevada, California, and Arizona, Tenth Annual Report of the Hayden Survey, p. 478; Washington, 1878.
[23] The cliff houses of Bloody Basin I have not examined, but I suspect they are of the same type as the so-called Montezuma Castle, or Casa Montezuma, on the right bank of Beaver creek. The latter is referred to the cliff-house class, but it differs considerably from the ruins of the Red-rocks, on account of the character of the cavern in which it is built (see [figure 246]).
[24] Fortified hilltops occur in many places in Arizona and are likewise found in the Mexican states of Sonora and Chihuahua, where they are known as trincheras. They are regarded as places of refuge of former inhabitants of the country, contemporaneous with ancient pueblos and cliff houses.
[25] This pinnacle is visible for miles, and is one of many prominences in the surrounding country. Unfortunately this region is so imperfectly surveyed that only approximations of distances are possible in this account, and the maps known to me are too meager in detail to fairly illustrate the distribution of these buttes.