[8] A Prehistoric Mesa Verde Pueblo and its People, Smithsonian Report for 1916.
[9] At certain times in Hopi ceremonies a thin layer of sand is sprinkled over the kiva roof, and on this sand are drawn in meal four rain-cloud figures, around which are performed certain secret rites.
[10] A two or three storied kiva like that of the Crown Point ruin is mentioned by Jackson in his description of Chettro Kettle ruin of the Chaco group, and is one of those features possibly existing in the tower kivas which are now extinct.
[11] Although the author has observed several towers with fallen rock about their bases, he has not been able to trace three concentric walls with connecting partitions.
[12] The circular kivas of the two ruins near Crown Point are enclosed by four standing walls forming sides of a rectangle, a feature they share with some of these chambers in the Chaco and San Juan region. The intention of the builders was to secure the prescribed subterranean feature by construction of a rectangular building about the circular room rather than by depression below the level of the site. This type is now extinct, but belongs to the most advanced stage of pueblo architecture before its decline.
[13] The Navaho are not a pottery making people, but often use bowls and vases they find in prehistoric ruins.
[14] Although prehistoric, the author regards all the Chaco Canyon group of ruins as later in construction than those of the Mesa Verde and San Juan, with which they are morphologically connected.
[15] 4th Ann. Rep. of the Director of the Bur. Amer. Ethnol.; also 22d Ann. Rep. Bur. Amer. Ethnol., pp. 124, 125.
[16] This account is taken from a report of an Exploring Expedition from Santa Fé, New Mexico, in 1859, under command of Capt. Macomb; published in 1876 by the Engineers Department, U. S. A.
[17] Prehistoric Man in Utah. The Archæologist, Nov., 1894, pp. 335–342.