J. Walter Fewkes,
Chief.

Dr. Charles D. Walcott,
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

CONTENTS

Page
Introduction[ 9]
Historical[10]
Classification[14]
Villages[16]
Rectangular ruins of the pure type[16]
Surouaro[16]
Goodman Point Ruin[17]
Johnson Ruin[18]
Bug Mesa Ruin[19]
Mitchell Spring Ruin[19]
Mud Spring (Burkhardt) Ruin[20]
Ruin with semicircular core[22]
Wolley Ranch Ruin[22]
Blanchard Ruin[23]
Ruins at Aztec Spring[23]
Great open-air ruins south and southwest
of Dove Creek post office[28]
Squaw Point Ruin[28]
Acmen Ruin[29]
Oak Spring House[29]
Ruin in Ruin Canyon[30]
Cannonball Ruin[30]
Circular ruins with peripheral compartments[31]
Wood Canyon Ruins[32]
Butte Ruin[32]
Emerson Ruin[33]
Escalante Ruin[36]
Cliff-dwellings[37]
Cliff-dwellings in Sand Canyon[38]
Double cliff-house[38]
Scaffold in Sand Canyon[38]
Unit type houses in caves[39]
Cliff-houses in Lost Canyon[40]
Great houses and towers[40]
Masonry[40]
Structure of towers[42]
Hovenweep district[44]
Ruin Canyon[44]
Square Tower Canyon[45]
Classification of ruins in Square Tower Canyon[46]
Hovenweep House (Ruin 1)[46]
Hovenweep Castle[47]
Western section of Hovenweep Castle[47]
Eastern section of Hovenweep Castle[48]
Ruin 3[48]
Ruin 4[49]
Ruin 5[49]
Ruin 6[49]
Eroded bowlder house (Ruin 7)[49]
Twin Towers (Ruin 8)[50]
Ruin 9[50]
Unit type House (Ruin 10)[50]
Stronghold House (Ruin 11)[51]
Ruins in Holly Canyon[52]
Ruin A, Great House, Hackberry Castle[52]
Towers [C and D][52]
Holly House[53]
Ruins in Hackberry Canyon[53]
Horseshoe House[53]
Towers in the Main Yellow Jacket Canyon[54]
Davis Tower[55]
Lion (Littrell) Tower[55]
McLean Basin[55]
Tower in Sand Canyon[57]
Towers in Road (Wickyup) Canyon[57]
Towers of the Mancos[58]
Holmes Tower[58]
Towers on the Mancos River below the bridge[59]
Tower A[59]
Tower B[59]
Megalithic and slab house ruins at McElmo Bluff[60]
Grass Mesa Cemetery[64]
Reservoirs[64]
Pictographs[65]
Minor antiquities[66]
Historic remains[68]
Conclusions[68]
Index[77]

ILLUSTRATIONS

PLATES
[1.][ a],Butte Ruin.
[b],Aztec Spring Ruin.
[c],Surouaro, Yellow Jacket Spring Ruin.
[2.][ a],Blanchard Ruin.
[b],Blanchard Ruin, Mound 2.
[c],Surouaro, Yellow Jacket Spring Ruin.
[3.][ a],Acmen Ruin.
[b],Mud Spring Ruin.
[4.][ a],Building on rock pinnacle, near Stone Arch, Sand Canyon.
[b],Stone Arch, Sand Canyon.
[5.][ a],Tower in Sand Canyon.
[b],Unit type House in Sand Canyon.
[6.][ a],Stone Arch House, Sand Canyon.
[b],Cliff-house, showing broken corner.
[7.][ a],Scaffold in Sand Canyon.
[b],Storage cist in Mancos Valley.
[c],Pictographs near Unit type House in cave.
[8.] Double cliff-dwelling, Sand Canyon.
[9.][ a],Cliff-dwelling under Horseshoe Ruin.
[b],Cliff-dwelling, Ruin Canyon.
[10.][ a],Kiva of cliff ruin, Lost Canyon.
[b],Cliff ruin, Lost Canyon.
[11.][ a],Square Tower in Square Tower Canyon.
[b],Tower in McLean Basin.
[c],Ruin in Hill Canyon, Utah.
[12.] Head of South Fork, Square Tower Canyon.
[13.] North Fork of Square Tower Canyon, looking west.
[14.][ a],Hovenweep House and Hovenweep Castle, from the south.
[b],Hovenweep Castle, from the west.
[c],Hovenweep Castle, from the south.
[15.][ a],West end of Twin Tower, showing small cliff-house.
[b],Twin Towers, Square Tower Canyon, from the south.
[c],Tower 4, junction of North and South Forks, Square Tower Canyon.
[16.][ a],Hovenweep Castle, with Sleeping Ute Mountain, South Fork, Square Tower Canyon.
[b],Entrance to South Fork, Square Tower Canyon.
[17.] Stronghold House, Square Tower Canyon.
[18.][ a],Head of Holly Canyon.
[b],South side of Hovenweep Castle, Square Tower Canyon.
[19.][ a],Holly Canyon group, from the east.
[b],Great House at head of Holly Canyon, from the north.
[c],Unit type Ruin, from the east.
[20.][ a],Great House at head of Holly Canyon, from the south.
[b],Ruin B at head of Holly Canyon, from the west.
[c],Great House at head of Holly Canyon.
[21.][ a],Great House, Holly Canyon.
[b],Stronghold House and Twin Towers, Square Tower Canyon.
[22.][ a],Hovenweep Castle.
[b],Southern part of Cannonball Ruin, McElmo Canyon.
[23.][ a],Square tower with rounded corners, Holly Canyon.
[b],Holly Tower in Holly Canyon.
[c],Horseshoe House.
[24.][ a],Horseshoe Ruin.
[b],Bowlder Castle, Road (Wickyup) Canyon.
[25.][ a],Closed doorway in Bowlder Castle, Road (Wickyup) Canyon.
[b],Broken-down round tower, Square Tower Canyon.
[26.][ a],North side of tower, Square Tower Canyon.
[b],D-shaped tower near Davis ranch, Yellow Jacket Canyon.
[c],Model of towers in McLean Basin.
[27.] Round tower and D-shaped tower in McLean Basin.
[28.][ a],D-shaped tower in McLean Basin, showing cross section of wall.
[b],Round tower in McLean Basin, showing standing stone slab.
[29.][ a],Holmes Tower, Mancos Canyon.
[b],Lion Tower, Yellow Jacket Canyon.
[30.][ a],Tower above cavate storehouses, Mancos Canyon, below bridge.
[b],Tower on mesa between eroded cliffs and bridge over Mancos Canyon, on Cortez Ship-rock Road.
[31.][ a],Tower above cavate storehouses, Mancos Canyon, below bridge.
[b],Eroded shale formation in which are small walled cavate storehouses.
[32.][ a],Reservoir near Picket corral, showing retaining wall.
[b],Kiva, Unit type House, Square Tower Canyon.
[33.]Pictographs, Yellow Jacket Canyon.
TEXT FIGURES
Page
1.Ground plan of Aztec Spring Ruin  [26]
2.Ground plan of Wood Canyon Ruin[32]
3.Metes and bounds of Emerson Ruin[34]
4.Schematic ground plan of Emerson Ruin[35]
5.Ground plan of Unit type House in cave[39]
6.Square Tower Canyon[45]
7.Ground plan of Hovenweep House[46]
8.Ground plan of Hovenweep Castle[47]
9.Ground plan of Twin Towers[50]
10.Ground plan of Unit type House[51]
11.Holly Canyon Ruins[52]
12.Horseshoe (Hackberry) Canyon[53]
13.Ground plan of Horseshoe House[54]
14.Ground plan of Davis Ruin[55]
15.Ground plan of Lion House[55]
16.Ground plan of ruin with towers in McLean Basin[56]
17.Doorway in Round Tower, McLean Basin[57]
18.Megalithic stone inclosure, McElmo Bluff[61]

PREHISTORIC VILLAGES, CASTLES, AND
TOWERS OF SOUTHWESTERN
COLORADO

By J. Walter Fewkes