[42] Our knowledge of the entrances into kivas of the vaulted-roofed type is not all that could be desired. Kiva D of Spruce-tree House has a passageway opening through the floor of an adjacent room, and Kiva A of Cliff Palace has the same feature. Doctor Prudden has found lateral entrances from kivas into adjoining rooms in his unit type pueblo. The majority of cliff-dwellers’ kivas show no evidence of lateral entrances.
[43] Mr. Jackson, op. cit., p. 415, regarded it likely that the towers were “lookouts or places of refuge for the sheep herders who brought their sheep or goats up here to graze, just as the Navajos used to and as the Utes do at the present time.” This explanation is impossible, for there is no evidence that the builders of the towers had either sheep or goats, the Navajos and the Utes obtaining both from the Spaniards.
[44] The tower figured by Prudden (Amer. Anthrop., n. s. vol. v, no. 2, pl. xviii, fig. 2) as a “round tower” is really semicircular, as shown in the ground plan ([fig. 14]) here published.
[45] Ibid., pp. 241, 263, 273.
[46] Among the older photographs seen by the author are those of W. H. Jackson, prints of which are on exhibition in the State Historical Museum at Denver, Colo.
[47] The “unit type” was first recognized by Doctor Prudden in his illuminating studies of the pueblos of the San Juan Basin. The author was the first to point out its existence in cliff-houses of the same area.
[48] Circular Kivas in San Juan Watershed. Amer. Anthrop., n. s. vol. 16, no. 1, 1914.
[49] Excavation of the Cannonball Ruins in southwestern Colorado. Amer. Anthrop., n. s. vol. x, no. 4, 1908.
[50] Explorations in southeastern Utah. Amer. Journ. Archæol., 2d ser., vol. xiv, no. 3, 1910.
[51] This tower is reputed to be the home of a mountain lion, hence the name Lion House.