[2] See Giesebrecht, op. cit. p. 19. Wippo recommends the Emperor to compel his subjects to educate their sons in letters and law. It was by such studies that ancient Rome acquired her greatness. In Italy at the present time, he says, all boys pass from the games of childhood into schools. It is only the Teutons who think it idle or disgraceful for a man to study unless he be intended for a clerical career.
[3] See Adolfo Bartoli, Storia della Letteratura Italiana, vol. i. pp. 142-158, and p. 167, on Guido delle Colonne and Qualichino da Spoleto.
[4] See above, vol. i. [Age of the Despots], 2nd ed. [chap. 2.]
[5] The Italians did not even begin to reflect upon their lingua volgare until the special characters and temperaments of their chief States had been fixed and formed. In other words, their social and political development far anticipated their literary evolution. There remained no center from which the vulgar tongue could radiate, absorbing local dialects. Each State was itself a center, perpetuating dialect.
[6] See Du Méril, Poésies Populaires Latines antérieures au douzième Siècle, Paris, 1843.
[7] Regarding the authorship of Latin hymns see the notes in Mone's Hymni Latini Medii Ævi, Friburgi Brisgoviæ, 1853, 3 vols. For the French origin of Carmina Burana see Die lateinischen Vagantenlieder der Mittelalters, von Oscar Hubatsch, Görlitz, 1870.
[8] Du Méril, op. cit. p. 268.
[9] Dante, Paradiso, xv.
[10] See [Age of the Despots], [p. 65].
[11] xvi. 115.