[2] In what follows regarding Charles V. at Bologna I am greatly indebted to Giordani's laboriously compiled volume: Della Venuta e Dimora in Bologna del Sommo Pont. Clemente VII. etc. (Bologna, 1832).
[3] See Ren. in It., vol. v. p. 357.
[4] See Ranke, vol. i. p. 153, note.
[5] See Ren. in It. vol. v. p. 289.
[6] See, for instance, temp. Henri IV., Sarpi's Letters, vol. i. p. 233.
[7] I may here state that I intend to use this term Counter-Reformation to denote the reform of the Catholic Church, which was stimulated by the German Reformation, and which, when the Council of Trent had fixed the dogmas and discipline of Latin Christianity, enabled the Papacy to assume a militant policy in Europe, whereby it regained a large portion of the provinces, that had previously lapsed to Lutheran and Calvinistic dissent.
[8] With regard to Germany, see Mr. T. S. Perry's acute and philosophical study, entitled From Opitz to Lessing (Boston).
[9] These eight reigns cover a space of time from 1534 to 1605.
[10] See Berti's Vita di G. Bruno, pp. 105-108.
[11] This maxim is ascribed to the materialistic philosopher Cremonini.