Expenditures.
| Four years ending December 31. | Civil List. | Foreign Intercourse. | Miscellaneous. | Military Dept. | Pensions. | Indian Depart. | Naval Dept. | Public Debt. | Total. |
| 1812 | $2,887,197.98 | $860,281.28 | $1,619,849.12 | $19,480,722.54 | $338,023.68 | $944,848.84 | $10,006,934.54 | $26,920,285.12 | $63,058,143.10 |
| 1816 | 3,768,342.61 | 1,042,633.42 | 5,015,100.92 | 70,809,210.90 | 435,614.48 | 1,140,015.30 | 26,326,169.25 | 56,508,652.66 | 165,045,739.54 |
| Madison | 6,655,540.59 | 1,902,914.70 | 6,634,950.04 | 90,289,933.44 | 773,638.16 | 2,084,864.14 | 36,333,103.79 | 83,428,937.78 | 228,103,882.64 |
Revenue
L'État c'est moi was the autocratic maxim of Louis Quatorze. An adherence to it cost the Bourbons their throne. Burke was more philosophical when he said, “The revenue of the State is the State.” Its imposition, its collection, and its application involve all the principles and all the powers of government, constitutional or extraordinary. It is the sole foundation of public credit, the sole support of the body politic, its life-blood in peace, its nerve in war. The “purse and the sword” are respectively the resource and defense of government and peoples, and they are interdependent powers. With the discovery of the sources of revenue, and the establishment of its currents, Mr. Gallatin, in the first eight years of his administration of the Treasury, had nothing to do. He had only to maintain those systems which Hamilton had devised, and which, wisely adapted to the growth of the country, proved amply adequate to the ordinary expenditures of the government and to the gradual extinguishment of the debt. The entire revenue included three distinct branches: imposts on importations and tonnage, internal revenue, sales of public lands. The duties on imports of foreign merchandise were alone sufficient to meet the current expenses of the various departments of administration on a peace establishment, and, increasing with the growth of the country, would prove ample in future. The gross amount of imports in the four years of Adams's administration, 1796-1800, was about three hundred and fourteen millions of dollars, and the customs yielded about thirty millions.
Mr. Gallatin's first annual report, submitted to the House of Representatives in December, 1801, exhibited his financial scheme. He recapitulated the various sources of permanent revenue. They were those of Hamilton's original tariff.
The revenues for the year ended September 30, 1801, were the basis of the estimates for future years. These were
| Duties on imports and tonnage | $10,126,213.92 |
| Internal revenue | 854,000.00 |
| Land sales | 400,000.00 |
| =========== | |
| $11,380,213.92 |
But the close of the war in Europe sensibly diminished the enormous carrying trade which fell to the United States as neutrals, and, as a consequence, the revenue from that source; large quantities of goods were brought into the United States and reëxported to foreign ports under a system of debenture. The revenue on what Mr. Gallatin calls “this accidental commerce” was $1,200,000. He therefore estimated the permanent revenues at